巴金在十年浩劫中的大致經(jīng)歷:放棄包弟并沒(méi)有換得保全一家人,1968年8月,巴金被關(guān)進(jìn)牛棚改造,隨后經(jīng)受了大字報(bào)、掛牌游街等形式的批斗。1970年,到農(nóng)村改造,掏大糞、喂豬、背稻草、種地……1972年,妻子蕭珊在飽受精神折磨后患上癌癥,病逝。巴金的兒子在勞動(dòng)改造的過(guò)程中也飽受精神和肉體上的折磨,性格變得內(nèi)向抑郁,疾病纏身。此時(shí),巴金69歲。巴金曾在《病中》一文寫道:“當(dāng)姚文元拿著棒子的時(shí)候,我給關(guān)在牛棚里除了唯唯諾諾之外,敢于做過(guò)什么事情?十年間我不過(guò)是一條含著眼淚等人宰割的牛。”小結(jié):(幻燈片12)社會(huì)是病態(tài)的社會(huì),政治是高壓的政治,人性是扭曲的人性。十年文革,十年浩劫,給多少人留下了累累不可彌合的精神創(chuàng)傷。即使一條小狗,也可能擺脫不了“文革”無(wú)情的迫害,比如包弟,比如藝術(shù)家鄰居的小狗。
【教學(xué)意圖】要了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,必須閱讀古詩(shī)文名著名篇。但在中國(guó)文化形成過(guò)程中影響最大的是什么?可以說(shuō)是儒家學(xué)說(shuō),包括《論語(yǔ)》這部經(jīng)典。《論語(yǔ)》等書是讀書人求仕做官的必修課本,是知識(shí)分子的思想言行基礎(chǔ),而且影響到整個(gè)社會(huì)生活,內(nèi)容包括倫理道德、教育體制、民間習(xí)俗等方面的思想。因此,要了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,有必要讀一讀《論語(yǔ)》?!窘虒W(xué)設(shè)計(jì)】因《論語(yǔ)》的年代已久遠(yuǎn),對(duì)學(xué)生而言,要理解透徹文句是比較深?yuàn)W困難的,因此必須在充分理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)《論語(yǔ)》進(jìn)行思想上的解讀??捎山處煆摹墩撜Z(yǔ)》中概括出幾點(diǎn)與生活、現(xiàn)實(shí)相關(guān)的要點(diǎn),要求學(xué)生分組進(jìn)行透徹的學(xué)習(xí)和領(lǐng)會(huì),如“小人與君子”、“學(xué)習(xí)的方法”、“教育的理念”等等?!冀虒W(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)〗讀《論語(yǔ)》知儒家思想?!冀虒W(xué)方法〗講解啟發(fā)、探究梳理、拓展延伸。
教學(xué)過(guò)程:一、交流誦讀課文技巧?!?jié)奏、韻腳、感情……(5分鐘)二、再讀確定自己的學(xué)習(xí)主題(15分)1、主題提示:音樂(lè)美、繪畫美、建筑美簡(jiǎn)介詩(shī)歌“三美”追求聞一多先生是我國(guó)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上集詩(shī)人、學(xué)者和斗士于一身的重要詩(shī)人。他不但致力于新詩(shī)藝術(shù)美的探索,提出了音樂(lè)美、繪畫美、建筑美的詩(shī)歌\"三美\"的新格律詩(shī)理論主張,還努力進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐,寫出了許多精美詩(shī)篇。他的新格律詩(shī)理論被后人稱為現(xiàn)代詩(shī)學(xué)的奠基石,影響深遠(yuǎn)?!对?shī)的格律》是聞一多先生系列詩(shī)論中最重要的一篇。在這篇論文中,他系統(tǒng)的提出\"詩(shī)的實(shí)力不獨(dú)包括音樂(lè)的美(音節(jié))、繪畫的美(詞藻),并且還有建筑的美(節(jié)的勻稱和句的均齊)。\"這一關(guān)于新詩(shī)\"三美\"主張遂成為新格律詩(shī)派的理論綱領(lǐng)。
請(qǐng)問(wèn),作者究竟聽(tīng)到歌聲沒(méi)有?”學(xué)生回答:“沒(méi)有?!薄斑@里是比喻,因?yàn)檫@里用得是‘仿佛’一詞……”對(duì),是比喻。也就是說(shuō),作者是用歌聲來(lái)比喻荷香,是吧?“但是,“荷香與歌聲有什么可比的共同點(diǎn)嗎?”“荷香與歌聲都是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)、若有若無(wú)的?!薄岸译鼥V朧的?!薄皩?duì)?!昂上愫透杪暥际恰|縷’的、‘渺?!?。這是比喻。這是一種特殊的比喻,錢鐘書先生把它叫做‘通感’。人們通過(guò)視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)等五官感知外界事物時(shí),在一般情況下,彼此不能交錯(cuò);但在特殊情況下,五官功能卻能出現(xiàn)互相轉(zhuǎn)化、彼此溝通的現(xiàn)象叫“通感”,也叫“移覺(jué)”。舉幾個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明:詩(shī)人艾青曾寫詩(shī)這樣描繪日本著名指揮家小澤征爾:‘你的耳朵在偵察,你的眼睛在傾聽(tīng)……’這也是通感。又如:“那笛聲里有故鄉(xiāng)綠色平原上青草的香味,有四月的龍眼花的香味,有太陽(yáng)的光明。”(郭風(fēng)《葉笛》)
五.研習(xí)第一段:1.誦讀指導(dǎo)要處理好句中停頓2.請(qǐng)學(xué)生對(duì)照注釋翻譯本段重點(diǎn)詞句:學(xué)不可以已已:停止。青,取之于藍(lán)而青于藍(lán)于:從;比。木直中繩中:zhàng符合,合于。雖有槁暴,不復(fù)挺者,揉使之然也有通又,揉通煣,以火烘木,使其彎曲。然:這樣。翻譯:故木受繩則直,金就礪則利,君子博學(xué)而日參省乎己,則知明而行無(wú)過(guò)矣。所以木材經(jīng)墨線畫過(guò)(再用斧鋸加工)就直了,金屬刀劍拿到磨刀石上(磨過(guò))就鋒利了,君子廣博地學(xué)習(xí)并且每天對(duì)自己檢驗(yàn)反省,就能智慧明達(dá),行為沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)了。3.本段是從哪個(gè)角度論述中心論點(diǎn)的?明確:本段是從學(xué)習(xí)的意義這個(gè)角度論述中心論點(diǎn)的。荀子認(rèn)為人的知識(shí)、道德、才能都不是天生成的,而是后天不斷學(xué)習(xí)獲得的,學(xué)習(xí)的意義十分重大,所以學(xué)習(xí)不能停止。4.本段中幾個(gè)比喻句是為了說(shuō)明什么道理?學(xué)生討論發(fā)言,教師明確:
【明確】“一夫當(dāng)關(guān),萬(wàn)夫莫開(kāi)”言劍閣有易守難攻的險(xiǎn)要形勢(shì),暗示中央朝廷的部隊(duì)很不容易打進(jìn)來(lái),因而野心家可以據(jù)險(xiǎn)發(fā)動(dòng)叛亂,“化為狼與豺”,搞地方割據(jù)。如果割據(jù)勢(shì)力之間出現(xiàn)矛盾沖突,難免要發(fā)生混戰(zhàn),結(jié)果必定是“殺人如麻”。詩(shī)人這番預(yù)言在十多年后就得到了證實(shí):從上元二年到大歷初即有段子璋、徐知道、崔旰等人相繼發(fā)動(dòng)叛亂。詩(shī)人的意圖是要嚴(yán)防野心家發(fā)難。詩(shī)人從劍閣的險(xiǎn)要引出對(duì)政治形勢(shì)的描寫。他化用西晉張載《劍閣銘》中形勝之地,匪親勿居的語(yǔ)句,目的在于勸人引以為鑒戒,警惕戰(zhàn)亂的發(fā)生,并聯(lián)系當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)背景,揭露了蜀中豺狼的磨牙吮血,殺人如麻,這既是描寫蜀道猛獸,又是影射政治黑暗的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)句,表達(dá)了對(duì)國(guó)事的憂慮與關(guān)切,為詩(shī)篇增加了現(xiàn)實(shí)的內(nèi)涵、深厚的意蘊(yùn)。唐天寶初年,太平景象背后正潛伏著危機(jī),后來(lái)發(fā)生的安史之亂,證明詩(shī)人的憂慮是有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的。
3、文化是人們的一種素養(yǎng)(1)人的文化素養(yǎng)是在社會(huì)生活、實(shí)踐中形成的。每個(gè)人所具有的文化素養(yǎng),不是天生的,而是通過(guò)對(duì)社會(huì)生活的體驗(yàn),特別是通過(guò)參與文化生活、接受知識(shí)文化教育而逐步培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的。文化素養(yǎng)的形成,離不開(kāi)生活、實(shí)踐和教育。人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)實(shí)踐中創(chuàng)造和發(fā)展文化,也在社會(huì)生活中獲得和享用文化。(2)人的文化素養(yǎng)表現(xiàn)在日常言行中。教師活動(dòng):引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀教材7頁(yè)“公交車漫畫”材料,并思考所反映的問(wèn)題學(xué)生活動(dòng):積極思考并討論問(wèn)題教師點(diǎn)評(píng):人們的精神活動(dòng)離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)活動(dòng),人們的文化素養(yǎng)總是要通過(guò)他在日常生活中的言行、在社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中的表現(xiàn)等表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。我們通過(guò)觀察人們的社會(huì)行為,就可以從中透視人們的精神世界和精神生活。4、文化的傳承和發(fā)展離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)載體。社會(huì)文化和精神產(chǎn)品離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)載體,一個(gè)時(shí)代的文化和精神產(chǎn)品,往往是這一時(shí)代社會(huì)發(fā)展軌跡的反映。
(5)be to do (可以和具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用)①表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。②用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示“如果要……,想要……”。The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天學(xué)生們將在學(xué)校大門口集會(huì)。 If you are to succeed, you must work as hard as possible. 如果你想要成功,比必須努力工作。(6)be about to do (不與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用) 表示即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。We are about to start. 我們就要出發(fā)了。The new school year is about to begin. 新學(xué)年開(kāi)學(xué)在即。(7)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)①表示按時(shí)間表規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常限于表示位置移動(dòng)的短暫性動(dòng)詞。②在時(shí)間、條件或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20. 你看看時(shí)刻表,快點(diǎn)!4026次航班的起飛時(shí)間是下午6點(diǎn)20分。Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour. 簡(jiǎn)很匆忙,因?yàn)槿C(jī)場(chǎng)的火車半小時(shí)后出發(fā)。
Is there a clear purpose for the trip? :Does each paragraph have a clear main idea? Does the writer use the present continuous tense for future plans?Does the writer use commas, stops, and question marks correctly? Are all the words spelt correctly?Are all the proper nouns capitalized?Revise your draft according to your partner's comments.Step 5:The summary of how to write a travel plan.旅游計(jì)劃是一種常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用文寫作。旅游可分為觀光游、文化游、美食游及探險(xiǎn)游等不同類型,因此旅游計(jì)劃也要根據(jù)不同的旅游目的進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。常規(guī)的旅游計(jì)劃需要明確以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題:Travel planWhen will you leave for? Where is your the destination?How will you get there?What will you do there?How long will you there?Is there a clear purpose for the trip? 為了提升旅行計(jì)劃的層級(jí),還需注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題:1.每段是否有明確清晰的主題;2.用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí);3.用更高級(jí)的形容詞詞匯。例如:表達(dá)“好”時(shí),不要總用“nice”,我們還可以用“smart, clean, excellent, exciting, beautiful, wonderful, clever, famous, grand”等表達(dá)更具有指向性的詞匯;4.用更高級(jí)的動(dòng)詞詞匯。比如:我們可以用“seem stand, lie .get stay, remain, look . sound, become . keep, grow”等代替"be";
The theme of the reading and thinking is about “Understanding how a problem was solved”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking is about international co-work to protect the Mount Tai, in which the students from seven countries came up with many solutions even create the Mount Tai App. This section aims at showing how to solve a difficult and even tough problem about protecting the cultural heritage by the international co-work. So in this section, cultivating students’ international awareness is very clear and important. Concretely, with the economic development, how to balance the protection of cultural relics and social development is a big challenge for human. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build the Aswan Dam across the Nile to control floods, produce electricity and water farms. But the proposal led to protests because it would destroy a lot of cultural relics. The Egyptian had no choice but ask the UN for help. Therefore, a international cooperation about how to protect the cultural relics began, which involved the time length about 20 years and a large amount of fund. Then, the problems was solved. 1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation4. Have the international awareness and understand the great strength of international cooperation.1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline.3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation.
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “ask about online habits”. Many middle school students have been surfing the Internet for many years, but what they do with the Internet and how much time they spend every day may not be very clear to themselves, nor to other students. This section allows students to investigate their peers' Internet use, which is conducive to their mutual understanding and understanding of the Internet. It can also help them reflect on their own online behavior, learn from other people's good online habits, and get rid of their bad online behavior.The listening text of this section is an investigation interview. The investigators interview specific groups with the same questions to obtain information, so as to understand their views, practices or attitudes on this issue. There are two specific questions: “how much time do you spend online every day? What do you usually do online?”. The answers of the three respondents provide rich and different information, and achieve the purpose of the investigators. The oral discourse structure of survey interviews generally includes greeting and explaining the purpose of the interview, presenting the interview questions and the respondents' answers. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of “choosing the right application ". Listening text is a conversation between Laura and Xiao Bo. In this part of listening, “oink”; “piggy bank” may cause the students' hearing comprehension limitation. Oink refers to sound word and pig's sound. So, add some oink to my piggy bank is often used to describe "making a little money".1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of listening for definitions.2. Cultivate students' ability to define words and understand an investigation interview.
Step 5 Practice一、完成下列句子。1. Judy and I _______________(把車停下來(lái)(park))in an underground car Park near Trafalgar Square, where we could ______________________(讓我們的車充電(charge)).2. When we finally reached the service desk to ask for audio guides, we heard it ___________ that there were no audio guides____________(留下,剩下).3. We__________________________(發(fā)現(xiàn)自己對(duì)...很驚訝)the large number of visitors and the amount of noise at the entrance of the National Gallery.4. Judy ____________________(眼神專注于) Van Gogh’s Sunflowers. It was hard to approach the painting as there were so many people around.5. She ____________________(把這幅畫的復(fù)制品裝箱(box)) to ensure that it was delivered safely.答案:1.had our car parked get our car battery charged 2. announced left 3. found ourselves very surprised 4. had her eyes fixed on 5. had a copy of the painting boxed二、用過(guò)去分詞對(duì)下列句子進(jìn)行改寫。1. Loch Ness was surrounded by beautiful natural landscape, which made it look amazing.2. Carl and his friend stayed with a generous family who offered them bread with butter and honey that was homemade.3. The family’s ancestors once attended to soldiers who were wounded in the First World War.4. The young people were attracted by the legend of Loch Ness. They watched over the lake with their cameras and binoculars, which were positioned on the hill.答案:1. Loch Ness surrounded by beautiful natural landscape looks amazing.2. Carl and his friends stayed with a generous family who offered them homemade bread with butter and honey.3. The family’s ancestors once attended to wounded soldiers in the First World War.4. The young people attracted by the legend of Loch Ness watched over the lake with their cameras and binoculars positioned on the hill.
Paragraph 3. Jan decided to start an IT club to teach old people how to use computers and the Internet. Paragraph 4. Jan has started taking online classes to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society better. Paragraph 5. Jan’s life has been greatly improved by the Internet. Step 5: Critical thinking:(1)How do you arrange your time spent on study and the Internet? Is it reasonable? I usually surf the Internet using my mobile phone for only an hour after class, and it is reasonable for me.(2)What are your online activities? Are they safe? I chat with my friends, read news and play games. I never give away my private information so I think they are safe.Step 4: summary Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web. There are countless articles (1)______(tell) us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient. But the Internet has done a lot (2)_____(much) for people than simply make life more convenient. People’s lives (3) _________________(change) by online communities and social networks so far. Take Jan for example, who developed a serious illness that made her (4)_____(stick) at home with only her computer to keep (5)___(she) company. She joined an online group (6)______ she could share problems, support and advice with others. She considered the ability to remove the distance between people as one of the greatest (7)_______(benefit). She was so inspired (8)____ she started an IT club in which many people have been helped. She has started to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society better. Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money (9)___ children in poor countries. Jan’s life has been (10)______(great) improved by the Internet. Step 5 Homework:Review what we have learned and find out the key language points in the text.
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar: The past participle is used as attributive and objective complement.1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the past participle used as attributive and objective complement flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.2. Instruct students to write essays using the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.Step1:溫故而知新。Analyze the underlined phrases and then sum up the common usages of the past participles.1.(教材P41)They had castles built(build) all around England, and made changes to the legal system.2.(教材P42)They use the same flag, known(know) as the Union Jack,...3.(教材P42)Judy and I had our car parked(park) in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery charged(charge).Common points: f the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.Step 2:過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的意義1.及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),在語(yǔ)態(tài)上表示被動(dòng);在時(shí)間上,常表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成,有時(shí)也不表示時(shí)間性。Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a satisfied smile at last.我們的老師看著我們做實(shí)驗(yàn),最后給了我們一個(gè)滿意的微笑。The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.會(huì)上提出的計(jì)劃將很快被執(zhí)行。2.不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),它不表示被動(dòng)意義,只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成。Many little kids like gathering fallen leaves in the yard.
choir memberspeople to run food stands people to sell festival ticketspeople to sell music CDspeople to set up equipmentmusical performersStep 2: Listen to the announcement again and answer the questions. ? 1. What kind of songs will Grace Davis sing at the festival?? 2. Who can try out as a performer?? 3. What can those who think they do not have musical talent do?? 4. How can students volunteer to take part?? Talking about preferences:? Would you prefer doing ..?? What would you prefer to do?? Would you rather do .... or ….?? What would you rather do?? I'd prefer .... to ..? I'd rather have ... than .. Step 3: Speaking ProjectWork in groups. Role-play the conversation or make a new one.? Debbie: Where have you been? You missed the announcement about the music festival.? John: I was at the doctor's office. Music festival?? Frank: Yes, it's going to be next month on the school sports field. John, you can play the piano. How about playing it at the festival?? John: Well, I'd rather play the violin. I can play Liang Zhu.? Frank: Wow! Sounds good. What about you, Debbie? ? Debbie: Actually, I don't have much musical ability. I'd prefer just to help out with the crowds.? Frank: You can sell tickets or work at a food stand.? John: So can I assume that the aim of the festival is to raise money?? Debbie: Yes. All of the money will go to charity.
This lesson is about music. Students can classify the types of music through the instruments and its sound and can talk about their preferences about music, even join some activities and play a role in them according to their musical talents. On the basis, they are guided to use the languages to express their preferences and some plosive sounds and their rules.1. Classify the music types through the instruments and its sound.2. Listen and understand what the speakers’ preferences are and the reasons; talk about their own preferences and give their own reasons, using these sentences: “What kind of music do you like? And why? “ “Because it makes/gives me energy/peaceful.../touches my heart...”.3. Learn some plosives and the rules.4. Join some activities and play a role in them according to the talents. 1. Listen and understand what the speakers’ preferences are and the reasons;2. talk about their own preferences and give their own reasons, using these sentences: “What kind of music do you like? And why? “ “Because it makes/gives me energy/peaceful.../touches my heart...”.3. Learn some plosives and incomplete plosives and its rules.Step 1 Lead inPoint at the pictures on P50 and ask Q1: What are the people doing in the pictures below?Q2: What kind of music they are?Then play the MP3s one by oneStep 2 ListeningTask 1: A reporter from the school newspaper is interviewing students about music. Listen to the interviews. Draw lines between the words to make complete sentences. Some words will not be used.
1. Get basic information about Eric; read deeply to understand the history and development of the virtual choir.2. Understand what the function of the virtual choir is and how to make a virtual choir.3. Understand the meaning of some languages in the context of the text through question guidance, such as “Many people do not have close friends or contacts who have the same interest in music.” and so on.Step 1 Leading-in1. Answer the following questions.Q1:Do you know the Apps like Tik Tok and Quick Hand?Q2: Do you want to make a Tik Tok video or a Quick Hand video?2. Play a Tik Tok video Step 2: Understanding the title Q1:What does the title mean ?Q2: Is the article a narration or exposition? Why? Q3: Can you change the title ? If you can, what is the title?Step 3: Scanning the whole text and getting the basic information1. Answer the following questions.Q1:Who came up with the idea for a virtual choir?Q2: Where did Eric studied the musical composition?Q3: What is his song?2. Find the main idea of each paragraph3. Deal with some new words.Step 4: Reading carefully to get detailed informationPara 1 How to make a virtual choir1. PreparationA. tools: a virtual camera; an Internet connectionB. hero/heroin: friends or some individuals who have the same interests2. Process
1.改善城市環(huán)境:治理河流、控制大氣污染物、大力加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè)為改善城市環(huán)境,上海市全面展開(kāi)對(duì)大氣、河流、噪聲等多方面的治理工作。如蘇州河的治理、降低城市污染物濃度、加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè),截止1990年,市區(qū)綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到20.3%。2.改善城市交通、改善居住條件擴(kuò)寬主干道,修建環(huán)城公路,修筑了南浦大橋和揚(yáng)浦大橋,新修城市高架公路和地鐵,改造住宅。3.控制城市規(guī)模建立衛(wèi)星城,開(kāi)發(fā)新區(qū),有效地控制城市中心區(qū)的規(guī)模。思考:什么時(shí)候許多國(guó)家采取措施保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?你認(rèn)為可以采取哪些措施來(lái)保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?上海市保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境的措施:上海的衛(wèi)星城有哪些?上海新建了哪個(gè)新區(qū)?目前浦東新區(qū)在上海的地位如何?建立衛(wèi)星城和開(kāi)發(fā)新區(qū)可以起到什么作用?上海市為改善交通條件,做了哪些工作?
過(guò)渡:在實(shí)際生活中,城市內(nèi)部空間結(jié)構(gòu)并非完全按照這一經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律呈現(xiàn),而是更具復(fù)雜性。這說(shuō)明除了經(jīng)濟(jì)因素外,還有很多其他因素在起作用,請(qǐng)大家結(jié)合你的認(rèn)識(shí)、圖2.9和案例1:紐約市的少數(shù)民族區(qū)談?wù)勀愕目捶?。?)其他因素I收入——形成不同級(jí)別住宅區(qū)的常見(jiàn)原因。有能力支付昂貴租金和選擇最佳居住環(huán)境的人,其居住地往往形成高級(jí)住宅區(qū)。II知名度——城市內(nèi)某些地區(qū)在歷史、文化或經(jīng)濟(jì)方面具有很高的聲譽(yù),這往往會(huì)吸引更多新的住宅或商場(chǎng)建在該處,以提高其知名度。III種族聚居區(qū)的形成——在有些城市的某一區(qū)域內(nèi),如果某個(gè)種族或宗教團(tuán)體占優(yōu)勢(shì),就可能形成種族聚居區(qū)。如紐約市的唐人街、哈林區(qū)、小意大利區(qū)等。IV歷史因素——城市的建筑物和街道設(shè)計(jì)可以維持久遠(yuǎn),早期的土地利用方式對(duì)日后的功能分區(qū)有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
一般情況下,凡是支持物對(duì)物體的支持力,都是支持物因發(fā)生形變而對(duì)物體產(chǎn)生彈力。所以支持力的方向總是垂直于支持面而指向被支持的物體。例1:放在水平桌面上的書書由于重力的作用而壓迫桌面,使書和桌面同時(shí)發(fā)生微小形變,要恢復(fù)原狀,對(duì)桌面產(chǎn)生垂直于桌面向下的彈力f1,這就是書對(duì)桌面的壓力;桌面由于發(fā)生微小的形變,對(duì)書產(chǎn)生垂直于書面向上的彈力f2,這就是桌面對(duì)書的支持力。學(xué)生分析:靜止地放在傾斜木板上的書,書對(duì)木板的壓力和木板對(duì)書的支持力。并畫出力的示意圖。結(jié)論:壓力、支持力都是彈力。壓力的方向總是垂直于支持面而指向被壓的物體,支持力的方向總是垂直于支持面而指向被支持的物體。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析靜止時(shí),懸繩對(duì)重物的拉力及方向。引導(dǎo)得出:懸掛物由于重力的作用而拉緊懸繩,使重物、懸繩同時(shí)發(fā)生微小的形變。重物由于發(fā)生微小的形變,對(duì)懸繩產(chǎn)生豎直向下的彈力f1,這是物對(duì)繩的拉力;懸繩由于發(fā)生微小形變,對(duì)物產(chǎn)生豎直向上的彈力f2,這就是繩對(duì)物體的拉力。