材料一 (隋唐開始的)科舉選官制度,使一些本來無立錐之地的平民書生,通過科場也得以晉身于官僚、貴族的行列,其中包括著一大批極為出色的、有著高度文化素養(yǎng)的政治家和行政管理專家。這樣以來,在社會(huì)的等級(jí)階層之間,也就必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)等級(jí)中的升降、甚至貴賤間的對(duì)流,這種流動(dòng)性同時(shí)為那些原來既非官僚、也不是地主的人步入官僚隊(duì)伍,提供了可能性。 ——摘編自胡平《試論科舉對(duì)中國古代政治制度的影響》(1)據(jù)材料一并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),概括科舉制對(duì)中國古代政治的影響。(4分)
材料一 秦始皇開始將早先在本國取得輝煌成功的發(fā)家學(xué)說應(yīng)用到全中國……他還通過統(tǒng)一度量衡和貨幣來實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)集中化?!雇蟹蚶锇⒅Z斯《全球通史》(1)秦始皇最先將誰的法家學(xué)說應(yīng)用到全國?(1分)材料二 秦漢時(shí)期的中央統(tǒng)治者,為了有效地維護(hù)“大一統(tǒng)”,都對(duì)統(tǒng)治思想進(jìn)行了選擇,用以規(guī)范、整齊全國上下的思想。——《“大一統(tǒng)”之夢》(2)秦漢統(tǒng)治者是如何“規(guī)范、整齊全國上下的思想”的?(3分)
材料一 2015年夏,香港推出“漢武盛世:帝國的鞏固和對(duì)外交流”大型漢代文物展,讓觀眾近距離欣賞逾160組珍貴文物。展覽以漢帝國崛起為重心,共設(shè)有“漢帝國的鞏固和擴(kuò)張”、“漢代社會(huì)生活”和“漢代的科技、文化與中西交通”三個(gè)主題。(1)漢武帝時(shí)帝國最為強(qiáng)盛。列舉漢武帝時(shí)期“漢帝國的鞏固和擴(kuò)張”的兩項(xiàng)措施。(2分)
26.(15分)(2016?煙臺(tái))科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步對(duì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展有著重要的影響.閱讀材料完成下列要求. 材料一 宋元時(shí)期,是我國古代發(fā)展的高峰時(shí)期,這一時(shí)期的科技,是在隋唐經(jīng)濟(jì)高度繁榮基礎(chǔ)上的延續(xù).宋朝結(jié)束了五代十國以來長期分裂割據(jù)和混戰(zhàn)的局面.那時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,城市繁榮,航海和對(duì)外貿(mào)易空前活躍,元朝實(shí)現(xiàn)了全國性的統(tǒng)一,中外經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流頻繁.兩大因素的結(jié)合,使宋元文化突飛猛進(jìn),涌現(xiàn)出一批著名的科學(xué)家和文學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家,反映了那個(gè)時(shí)期我國科學(xué)技術(shù)在世界上的領(lǐng)先地位.﹣《宋元時(shí)期的科技成就》(1)根據(jù)材料概括宋元時(shí)期科技發(fā)展的原因,結(jié)合所學(xué)指出宋元時(shí)期在四大發(fā)明方面的成就.
材料一1868年4月,日本天皇率領(lǐng)群臣宣讀“五條誓文”,決心勵(lì)精圖治,銳意改革……改革的動(dòng)力是西化……英國模式自然作為鐵路、電信、公共建筑和市政工程、紡織工業(yè)以及許多商業(yè)方面的模范;法國模式用來改革法制、軍事;大學(xué)歸功于美國?!曰舨妓辊U姆《資本的年代》材料二美國第32任總統(tǒng)羅斯福說:“作為一個(gè)國家,我們拒絕了徹底的革命計(jì)劃,為了永遠(yuǎn)地糾正我們經(jīng)濟(jì)制度中的嚴(yán)重缺點(diǎn),我們依靠的是舊的民主秩序的新應(yīng)用?!?/p>
材料一 宋元時(shí)期,是我國古代發(fā)展的高峰時(shí)期,這一時(shí)期的科技,是在隋唐經(jīng)濟(jì)高度繁榮基礎(chǔ)上的延續(xù)。宋朝結(jié)束了五代十國以來長期分裂割據(jù)和混戰(zhàn)的局面。那時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,城市繁榮,航海和對(duì)外貿(mào)易空前活躍,元朝實(shí)現(xiàn)了全國性的統(tǒng)一,中外經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流頻繁。兩大因素的結(jié)合,使宋元文化突飛猛進(jìn),涌現(xiàn)出一批著名的科學(xué)家和文學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家,反映了那個(gè)時(shí)期我國科學(xué)技術(shù)在世界上的領(lǐng)先地位。——《宋元時(shí)期的科技成就》(1)根據(jù)材料概括宋元時(shí)期科技發(fā)展的原因,結(jié)合所學(xué)指出宋元時(shí)期在四大發(fā)明方面的成就。 材料二 西方近代科學(xué)一經(jīng)產(chǎn)生,就以其蘊(yùn)含的思想和方法對(duì)社會(huì)的各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了改造,驅(qū)動(dòng)全社會(huì)的近代化不斷深化。但在中國,盡管在明清之際西方近代科技就已傳入,卻沒有能夠產(chǎn)生其在西方社會(huì)所發(fā)揮的作用?!墩撁髑逯H士人群體對(duì)西方科技的態(tài)度及歷史影響》(2)西方近代科學(xué)引發(fā)了兩次工業(yè)革命,分別使人類進(jìn)入什么時(shí)代?結(jié)合所學(xué)從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、思想方面指出,明清時(shí)期的哪些因素阻礙西方近代科學(xué)在中國發(fā)揮作用?
材料一 2016年4月24日,“華光礁1號(hào)沉船特展”在南京博物院開展,吸引了眾多觀眾前來參觀?!叭A光礁1號(hào)”是我國考古工作者在西沙群島的遠(yuǎn)海地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的第一艘古船.該船是一艘南宋商船,800多年前在航行到西沙華光礁時(shí)不幸觸礁沉沒?!幾?016年4月25日人民網(wǎng)材料二 據(jù)考證,“華光礁1號(hào)”當(dāng)時(shí)是從福建泉州港出發(fā),船貨均為南宋外銷瓷器,最終在西沙群島沉沒。這意味著,沉船行駛在向西的“海上絲綢之路”航線上,前往東南亞甚至更遠(yuǎn)的地方。專家認(rèn)為,“華光礁1號(hào)”古沉船遺址及出土文物,記載著古代中國與周邊國家友好往來的歷史,標(biāo)志著中國人開創(chuàng)了“全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化”的先河,促進(jìn)了世界文明的發(fā)展?!幾?016年4月25日中國新聞網(wǎng)(1)根據(jù)材料寫出這艘“商船”原定的航行路線。(2分)當(dāng)時(shí)這艘船使用的先進(jìn)導(dǎo)航工具應(yīng)該是什么?(2分)(2)結(jié)合圖9與相關(guān)內(nèi)容,指出這艘沉船的出土文物主要是什么物品?(1分)請(qǐng)寫出這些物品的著名產(chǎn)地之一。(1分)當(dāng)時(shí)政府在港口設(shè)立的外貿(mào)管理部門是什么?(2分)(3)材料中的“海上絲調(diào)之路”最早開辟于哪個(gè)朝代?(2分)這條航線的開辟有何重大歷史意義?(2分)
31.閱讀下列材料,回答問題。材料一 農(nóng),天下之大本也,民所恃以生也。而民或不務(wù)本而事末,故生不遂?!獫h文帝材料二 世儒不察,以工商為末。妄議抑之。夫工商圣王之所欲來,商又使其愿出于途者,蓋皆本也。——黃宗羲(1)材料一反映了中國古代哪一重要思想?據(jù)此,西漢統(tǒng)治者采取了哪些措施?(2)材料二中黃宗羲提出了什么主張?應(yīng)如何評(píng)價(jià)這一主張?
材料一 公元l世紀(jì)時(shí),古羅馬博物學(xué)家普林尼在其被譽(yù)為百科全書式的著作《自然史》中把中國叫做“絲之國”,古羅馬的貴族都以穿著中國絲綢為榮。他還說中國出產(chǎn)的鋼很硬,質(zhì)地很好。17世紀(jì)以來,許多歐洲國家的宮廷和王公貴族更是竟相購藏中國的瓷器、漆器和絲綢、剎繡,甚至不惜重金到中國定做,運(yùn)回國內(nèi)珍藏起來。(l)材料一反映了古絲綢之路對(duì)羅馬上層社會(huì)生活的影響。清指出漢代絲繃之路的起止點(diǎn),并說明其開通的重大歷史意義。(4分)
Slowlybut surely, Amy and her grandparents were making progress. Boxes of all sizeswere placed on top of each other throughout the house. Amy’s grandparents hadlived in the house for years and they had collected many things.
YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.
During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南極).Amundsen arrived first.
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉機(jī))and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”
Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.
Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.
When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣賞) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).
I often use old clothes that people don’t wearany more to make bags. I opened a small shop in my community and set up awebsite to sell the bags online. Many customers think they are fantastic. Now Iplan to write a new book about ways to use old clothes.
Electric cars may seem like a recent invention,but they have been around for years. In the early 1900s, there were ___16___electric cars on the road than gasoline(汽油)cars, because at that time,gasoline was expensive compared with other fuels(燃料), electriccars were more popular.