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人教版高中語文必修1《小狗包弟》說課稿
探究、討論、交流：1、包弟討人喜歡，作者卻不得不將它送走，為什么？2、送走包弟后，作者為什么先是感覺輕松，隨后覺得沉重？3、“您的小狗怎樣？”這句話反復出現(xiàn)，有什么用意？4、“整整十三年零五個月過去了”“整整”一詞有什么作用？5、“滿園的創(chuàng)傷使我的心仿佛又給放在油鍋里熬煎”這句話如何理解？6、“我懷念包弟，我想向它表示歉意?！比绾卫斫?？學生各抒己見后教師結合材料發(fā)表看法明確總結特別是最后一個問題得出作者這發(fā)之心底的語言，不僅僅是歉意，更是發(fā)自靈魂深處的懺悔！是對生命的尊重，是一個有良知的作家對反省歷史的呼號。第三環(huán)節(jié)“認識你自己”——懺悔意識與我引導學生正視和反省成長過程中曾犯下過錯。并布置課后作業(yè)：要求學生課后在本周隨筆中談反省懺悔后的感受。
人教版高中語文必修1《燭之武退秦師》說課稿2篇
4、本文的重點是說辭，雖僅百余字，卻委婉曲折，步步進逼，層層深入，表現(xiàn)出高超的勸說藝術、游說技巧。讓學生細細品味并概括說辭中包含幾層意思。第一層（“秦、晉圍鄭，鄭既知亡矣”），分析形勢，以退為進，博得好感。第二層（“若亡鄭而有益于君”至“君之薄也”），亡鄭陪鄰，動搖聯(lián)盟。第三層（“若舍鄭以為東道主”至“君亦無所害”），存鄭有益，利益引誘。第四層（“且君嘗為晉君賜矣”至“唯君圖之”），追溯歷史，深入離間?？梢姞T之武面對大國的君主，巧舌如簧，不卑不亢，從容辭令，既不刺激對方也不失本國尊嚴，語言的分寸掌握得恰到好處。表現(xiàn)出燭之武機智善辯的外交才能。5、面對風云突變的局勢，晉侯沒有感情用事，而表現(xiàn)了清醒的頭腦和理智的判斷。這種隱忍不發(fā)、隨機應變的胸懷和謀略，正是晉文公終成霸業(yè)的根本原因。設計意圖：本環(huán)節(jié)的重點是全面把握燭之武這一人物性格特征，以及退秦師過程中體現(xiàn)出的非凡的膽識以及高超的謀略和語言藝術。
人教版高中語文必修2《赤壁賦》說課稿3篇
[教學反思]人教版高中語文必修二第三單元安排了《蘭亭集序》《赤壁賦》《游褒禪山記》三篇古代山水游記散文，它們借游賞之事，探索生命的意義、治學的道理。師者，所以傳道、授業(yè)、解惑也。高中的教材選用的都是歷史經典名篇，每一篇都閃爍著儒道釋等百家光輝的思想。編者要老師傳道的意圖很明顯。即非如此，看著這些影響歷代、影響世界的如日月之耀眼光華的偉大思想就躺在我們的教科書里，又如何能不講呢？所以，我將本課的教學重難點擬定為：幫助學生建立積極的生死觀，掌握多角度看問題的正確的思想方法。當然，也讓學生領會了融寫景、抒情、說理于一爐的大家手法。整堂課各教學環(huán)節(jié)，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，過渡自然，讀、思、議、寫訓練到位，而且全部圍繞“生死觀”展開，如一篇形散神不散的散文。
人教版高中語文必修2《短歌行》說課稿2篇
一、說教材《短歌行》是普通高中課程標準實驗教科書必修（二）第二單元的一篇略讀課文，本單元安排的是先秦到南北朝時期的詩歌?！抖谈栊小肥侵渭?、軍事家、文學家曹操的作品。詩中抓住“憂”字來寫詩人為什么“憂”，如何解“憂”，從而表達希望能夠招攬人才、完成統(tǒng)一天下的雄心壯志。所以本單元安排《短歌行》一詩，對學生全面了解曹操，感受曹操在短暫的人生中竭力創(chuàng)造偉業(yè)的氣概。二、說學生我這一課的教學對象是高一學生。他們進入高中學習的時間只有三個多月，現(xiàn)在已經完成了必修（一）的學習。學習了現(xiàn)代詩歌單元，有了一定的詩歌學習基礎，初步掌握了讀詩的基本方法，但是還未能形成成熟的穩(wěn)定的學習方式。同時，本單元學習是高中第一次接觸古代詩歌，詩歌語言上的障礙和時間上的跨度對他們來說都是學習上的困難。因此教師要引導學生自主學習，合作學習，為他們設置新的學習情境，提供合作探究的機會。
人教版高中語文必修2《故都的秋》說課稿3篇
請一位朗誦水平較好的學生，有感情的朗讀課文12自然段，其他同學完成一項任務：這一段可否去掉？為什么？學生思考、圈畫、交流、討論，然后小組發(fā)言，其他小組補充，教師從旁予以點撥，引導學生進一步明確作者的思想情感。明確：作者要創(chuàng)造一種文化氛圍，于自然氣息之外再添一重文化氣息，與“故都”題旨暗合。從行文章法上看，這里是宕開文筆，縱橫議論，顯出深厚的文化底蘊和開闊的思路。這一段采用議論，通過古今中外的引證，說明感秋處處有，中國文人最突出，而秋“深味”非在中國北方莫屬，這其實還是為了突出故都之秋。（設計意圖：提高學生探究的能力，充分把握本文的教學內容，深刻體悟作者的情感，了解作者對秋的禮贊情感，從而突破教學難點。）
人教版高中語文必修2《游褒禪山記》說課稿3篇
學法指導：高一學生對文言文閱讀已具備了一些基礎知識和積累，但對如何學習文言文，還是一個新課題，因此教師應引導學生掌握學習方法，運用已有的知識框架同化新信息，建立新的智能，逐步走向獨立學習的境界。一、引導學生利用課文注釋，使用工具書自己翻譯，必要時教師進行點撥、解難，培養(yǎng)自學能力。二、告訴學生翻譯文言文要遵循的原則。三、調動學生思考、討論、交流的積極性，教師適時點撥，培養(yǎng)學生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、解決問題的能力。四、提示學生反復誦讀課文，體會文章所闡述的道理。五、鼓勵學生及時歸納學習文言文的方法，注意積累文言文知識。教學程序：教學本課可安排2課時。第一課時：1、導入新課：首先給學生介紹毛澤東的七絕詩《為李進同志題所攝廬山仙人洞照》：“暮色蒼茫看勁松，亂云飛渡仍從容。天生一個仙人洞，無限風光在險峰?！睂W生通過誦讀領會了“無限風光在險峰”一句的含義。隨后因勢利導，引出課題，指出今天我們要學習的王安石的《游褒禪山記》，就含有類似的深邃哲理。
人教版高中語文必修3《林黛玉進賈府》說課稿5篇
【教學目標】我設置的本課的教學目標有三個:1、知識與技能(1)了解曹雪芹及《紅樓夢》(2)學習通過一個人物的行蹤、所見所聞,介紹典型環(huán)境,認識封建貴族階級豪奢極恥的生活以及森嚴的等級、禮儀制度(3)分析小說人物出場的描寫藝術，培養(yǎng)學生分析小說人物形象的能力。(4)一葉落而知秋”，通過對“林黛玉進賈府”這一故事情節(jié)的把握是否能引發(fā)對《紅樓夢》的認知興趣，并找到一個突破口，有針對性地進行自主探究，進而進行個性化解讀。（5）整體認知小說,認識小說悲劇的必然性和思想價值.2、過程與方法(1)用直觀演示和歸納探究法分析文章要點。(2)用討論探究法體驗作者對文中人物的情感態(tài)度。3、情感態(tài)度價值觀(1)正確理解《紅樓夢》的思想內涵,培養(yǎng)學生熱愛祖國傳統(tǒng)文化的思想感情。(2)認識封建大家族的腐朽沒落,理解賈寶玉追求個性自由反封建的精神。
人教版高中語文必修3《杜甫詩三首》說課稿
我以以《登高》為例，引導學生進行意象分析，感悟意境美。古人云“立象以盡意”“古詩之妙，專求意象”意象是詩人情感的載體，是詩歌的靈魂。引導學生張開聯(lián)想和想象的翅膀去感受，去體驗是意象，詩歌鑒賞的關鍵?？屏治榈抡f“真正藝術的作品，不是看見的，也不是聽到的，而是想象中的某種東西。”詩人通過想象創(chuàng)造出詩的形象，我們讀者通過想象豐富地再現(xiàn)詩人創(chuàng)造的形象。而感受體驗則是以全部身心投入作品，心靈與心靈相溝通，感情與感情相交流，對詩人的想象活動進行再經歷和再體驗。因此，在引導意象解讀中，我先讓學生點擊這一個，就是通過抓修飾詞、依據(jù)感情基調、展開想象具體分析本詩中每個意象的情感意蘊和審美意蘊，使學生明白意象在每首詩中的獨特性。
人教版高中語文必修3《過秦論》說課稿3篇
本文篇幅較長，并且有一字句不易理解，因而對高一學生來說完全讀懂內容有一些困難。這樣的話，老師就要做好引導工作，把一些難點，或是出現(xiàn)詞類活用比較多，局勢比較特殊的句子，老師可以先給學生畫出來，存疑，或是與同學們一起討論解決。對那些不易懂的字詞就引導學生聯(lián)系上下文提供的語境、前后涉及的情節(jié)加以推測、判斷，以培養(yǎng)學生依據(jù)文脈推斷詞義的好方法。要求學生點出重點實詞、框出通假字，主要是為幫助學生積累和掌握一些文言文中常見的一詞多義、異讀現(xiàn)象、古今異義和通假現(xiàn)象的詞語，并進一步得出規(guī)律，指導今后的文言文學習。詞類活用和特殊句式在文言文翻譯中難度較大，也是本文教學的兩大難點。要求學生標出有活用現(xiàn)象的字和劃出句式特殊的句子，是基于兩點考慮：1、積累一定數(shù)量的第一手例句；2、引導學生加以分類，找出每類的相同特征，并抽取出來形成規(guī)律性的東西，從而上升到理性認識，使學生能由學會一個到會學多個。翻譯過程中注重指導學生養(yǎng)成用符號法表示重點字句的好習慣，如點、框、圈、劃線等符號應約定一致，便于突出翻譯中的重點、難點及復習。我的提示著重歸納了實詞“制”“亡”“遺”“利”等，名詞活用、形容詞活用、使動用法，被動句、狀語后置句。
人教版高中語文必修3《勸學》說課稿3篇
《勸學》是普通高中課程標準試驗教科書語文必修三第三單元的重點篇目，該文集中反映著名思想家荀子在學習問題上的觀點和精彩斐然的論證藝術。該單元所選課文都是古代的議論性散文。通過本單元的學習在于讓學生感受我國傳統(tǒng)文化的精神，掌握基礎的文言語法知識，學習如何清晰有力的表達自己的思想和見解。本文安排在單元的第一篇，如何指導學生學好這篇課文，是實現(xiàn)“授之以漁”，樹立學生學好文言文的信心，掌握文言學習方法的關鍵。根據(jù)新課標倡導從“知識與能力”、“過程與方法”、“情感態(tài)度與價值觀”三方面出發(fā)設計課程目標的要求和高一的學生對于文言文的知識還在積累的階段，應該注重基礎知識的積累和一定量的誦讀的實際情況。我擬確定以下教學目標：1，了解荀子論述學習的思想，明確學習要靠積累、堅持不懈、專心致志的道理。2，掌握積累文言實詞、虛詞，活用、古今異議等現(xiàn)象和固定句式。
人教版高中生物必修2染色體變異說課稿
四、說教學程序（一）.溫故知新、導入新課復習提問:基因突變導致生物變異的原因是什么?回答:基因突變是基因結構發(fā)生改變，從而使遺傳信息改變，使蛋白質結構改變、生物性狀改變，即生物發(fā)生了變異。那么，基因是什么?它和染色體又有何關系?回答:基因是有遺傳效應的DNA片斷，染色體是DNA的載體，基因在染色體上呈線形排列。引出新知:對于一個生物體來說，正常情況下，其染色體的結構和數(shù)量都是穩(wěn)定的。但在自然條件或人為因素的影響下，染色體的結構和數(shù)量均會發(fā)生改變，從而導致生物性狀的改變，這就屬于染色體變異。（二）.把握重點、突破難點重點的把握：1、染色體結構的變異播放影片:貓叫綜合征幼兒。讓學生觀察: 患兒哭聲輕、音調高，很像貓叫。教師補充: 患兒的征狀---兩眼較低、耳位低下，存在著嚴重的智力障礙。闡述病因---染色體片段缺失
人教版高中英語必修1Journey Down the Mekong說課稿
2. let the Ss complete the forms paragraph by paragraph. Purpose here is to help Ss to get the habit of reading a passage as a whole, and pay attention to the organization of the text, as a result the Ss will fully understand the whole passage.3. ask Ss to retell the passage with the help of the key words in the form.Since the Ss in the class are in different levels, so I let them to fill in the blank to understand the meaning of the words and phrases better. ( That’s all for the while-reading. Now let’s move to the fifth step.)Step V: Post-reading (10mins) ---DiscussionIn this part students are asked to discuss in groups and list Wang Kun’s and Wang Wei’s attitudes about the trip. After that, Ss are encouraged to express their attitudes with the whole class. Collect their answers and don’t forget to praise them even if their answers may not be perfect.In this activity, discussion provides a vivid and active learning environment for Ss to communicate in English with newly learned language items. (Finally it comes to the homework.)StepⅥ: Homework (1min)1. Ss are required to read the text again after class and figure out the meaning of some complex sentences.2. Do the exercises on P19; This can help Ss to consolidate what they’ve learnt and make preparation for the next lessonPart4. Blackboard design.（說板書設計）On the top, there is the title of this lesson. On the left, there are main ideas for each paragraph. On the right, there are some new words and expressions.Unit 3 Travel journalJourney down the MekongMain idea of each para.:Para1: deciding to take a great bike trip along the Mekong river.Para2: Different attitudes between Wang kun and Wang wei.
人教版高中英語必修4Body Language說課稿4篇
Textbook: Senior English for China (Book 4), by Liu Daoyi Time Allotment: 1 period (40 minutes)Date: March 20, 2014Teaching aids: blackboard, Multi-media, Power Point, chalk I. Text Analysis （教材分析）This unit is about body language, and the text selected in the reading part demonstrates the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world. Through learning this passage, students are required to raise their awareness of using body language in different parts of the world. As body language is closely related to our daily life, it is easy to arouse students’ interest in learning this text. Reading skills and speaking training are designed around the text.II. Teaching Objectives （教學目標）By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. Language Skill Objective（語言技能目標）: develop reading ability （skimming and scanning）as well as speaking ability.2. Cultural Knowledge Objective（文化知識目標）: know about the cultural differences of using body language.3. Affective Objective（情感目標）: increase students’ awareness of using body language correctly in different cultures. III.Teaching Focuses and Difficulties（教學重點和難點）1. Teaching Focuses（教學重點）: the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world.2. Teaching Difficulties（教學難點）: develop students’ reading abilities of skimming and scanning and ask the students to show their opinions with fluent English.
人教版高中英語必修1English around the world說課稿
(3)v. 給：提出；展現(xiàn)，顯現(xiàn)present sb. with sth. ; present sth. to sb. 把. . 交給；頒發(fā)；授予present sth. (for sth. )/present sth. to sb. e. g. Om his birthday, his friends presented him a collection of stamps. 在他生日時，他的朋友們送給他一套郵票作為禮物。The sword was presented by the family to the museum. 這家人把寶劍捐贈給了博物館。The committee will present the final report to Parliament in June. 委員會將在六月向議會提交最后的報告。You need to present yourself better. 你需要更善于展現(xiàn)自己。It is essential that we present a united front. 至關重要的是我們要表現(xiàn)得更加團結。Step 4 ConsolidationT:Now that we have got a general idea of these words and phrases. Lets make up some sentences using them to master them. Suggested sentences:1. Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone. 2. It is one of the greatest roles that she has played. 3. A large number of people have applied for the job. 4. The number of the panda is declining. 5. I'11 go there, even if I have to walk. 6. He came up to me to ask for a light. 7. The novel is about a family who can't communicate with each other. 8. He based his plan on interests of most people. 9. Why doesn't he make use of his singing talent?Step 5 Summary and homeworkT:Today we dealt with several new words and phrases. After class I hope that youcan read them again and again to keep them in mind. That's all for today. You aredismissed.
人教版高中英語必修1Nelson Mandela--A Modern Hero說課稿
In this step, give students a few minutes to read the passage . While they are reading, I will write some key words of the text on the blackboard. Then ask students to retell the passage according to the key words.By retelling, students can improve their ability of language organization and have an overall understanding of the article.Step 4 Group discussionIn this step, students will be divided into groups of 4 to discussion the following question: What qualities make a great person?After their discussion, invite a few groups to make a report to the class.This group discussion can practice students’ oral English and cultivate their abilities of cooperation and communication.Step 5. HomeworkLet students write a short passage to introduce a great person he or she admires.The homework can consolidate the knowledge the students have learned and cultivate their writing ability. Part 6 Blackboard Design（板書設計）That’s all my teaching procedures. Finally, I’d like to say sth about part 6 blackboard design. On the top is the title. On the left, there will be some new words and expressions. In the middle of the blackboard, I will write some useful sentence structures so that the students can know clearly what they’ve learned and then try to master the knowledge.OK. That’s all for my presentation. Thank you for your attention.
人教版高中英語必修2Computers說課稿3篇
一. 教材分析1. 本單元的中心話題是“計算機（Computers）”，內容涉及計算機的發(fā)展歷史，計算機的應用等。本節(jié)課是該單元的第一課時，我將Warming up, Pre-reading and Comprehending這四部分整合為一節(jié)精讀課。其中。Reading部分是題為WHO AM I？的文章，以第一人稱的擬人手法介紹了計算機發(fā)長演變的歷史和計算機在各個領域的應用，其主旨是表達計算機的發(fā)展變化之快以及在生活中用途之廣。而Warming up部分以圖片的形式展現(xiàn)了計算機的發(fā)展歷程；Pre-reading中的問題和排序分別是為了預測語篇的內容和測試學生對計算機歷史了解的情況；Comprehending則通過各項練習訓練學生的閱讀技能，從而加深對文章的理解?？梢娺@幾部分是一個有機的整體。2. 教學目標：1) 語言目標：重點詞匯及短語：abacus, calculate, calculator, PC, laptop, PDA, robot, analytical, technological, universal, mathematical, artificial, intelligent, network, explore, in common, as a result.重點句子：a. My real father was Alan Turing, who in 1963 wrote a book to describe how computers could be made to work, and build a “universal machine” to solve any mathematical problem.
人教版高中英語必修2Cultural Relics說課稿2篇
Ⅲ. Analysis of the teaching material:The topic of this unit is cultural relics. Students are quite interested in topics about different cultures around the world. This is the second period of the whole unit. As a reading class, the passage mainly talks about the history of the amber room (how it was made, sent as a gift, lost and rebuilt).According to the new national curriculum, when teaching reading, much emphasis should be put on training the students’ reading skills.Ⅳ. Teaching objectives1. Language objectives:1) Students are required to master the key words and phrases occurred in the passage (e.g. amazing, decorate, belong, in return, less than etc.)2) Students are required to learn the attributive clause and acquire the sentence pattern.2. 1) Students are required to describe a certain thing by using the new sentence patterns.2) Students are required to master two kinds of reading skills—skimming and scanning, and learn to use them in their daily reading.3. 1) Students are required to know the history of the amber room.2) Students are required to appreciate cultural relics and understand the importance of protecting them.Ⅴ. Teaching important and difficult points1) the new words, phrases, and sentence pattern in the course of reading.2) Teaching difficult point: Help the students master two kinds of reading skills—skimmingand scanning and learn to apply them in daily use.Ⅵ. Teaching methods:Task-based method & Top-down model Ⅶ. Teaching aids: PPT, pictures, blackboard Ⅷ. Teaching procedure:
人教版高中英語必修2The Olympic Games說課稿2篇
Purpose of my design:To ask the students to do these two tasks will make the Ss predict the story of this passage. As a result, it will deepen Ss’ memory of this story because they will have their own understanding of this story.Step 3. While-readingTask 1. (Individual work _____min)Skimming: ask students to skim the text and the main ideas of each paragraph in this passage. Please read it quickly and then match the sentences with the letters.Task 2. (Individual work _____min)Scanning: read the text quickly and decide the whether the following statements are true or false and give reasons.Task 3. (Pair work _____min)Listen to the tape and fill in the banks. Then read the paragraph with expression to your partner.Task4 (individual work min)Listen to the tape again and write down the main idea in one sentence.Purpose of my design: Enable students to understand the given material better by using different reading skills. And proper competition can arouse the Ss’ interest in English learning. “Task-based” teaching method is used here todevelop the Ss’ ability of communication and also their ability of co-operation will be well trainedStep 4. Post-readingTask 1. (Individual work, pair work, group work, class work; _____min)Discussion (group of 4):1. If you were Hippomenes, would you run against Atlanta?2. Do you think Hippomenes deserved to win the race? Why or why not?Step 5. HomeworkPlease read the story again carefully after class and imagine: What will happen during the race between Hippomenes and Atlanta? Who do you think will win the race? Do you think Atlanta would marry Hippomenes? Write an end for the story with thses questions.Purpose of my design: Homework is so important and necessary for to master the knowledge they learned after class. It will check whether the Ss achieve the teaching aims.Part 5 Blackboard design
人教版高中英語必修4A taste of English Humor說課稿3篇
Then I would ask them to think of a funny English or Chinese and tell it to partners. While telling stories, they can use expressions and some acting to help make the story funny. 5 minutes would be given to do this.Those stories they told there will be the material for their writing. Soletting them tell it at first is helpful. And they can make a difference between telling a funny story and writing it down. Generally speaking, it is difficult forstudents to write well because they don’t know what to write and how to write. Asking them to tell their own stories at first can help them come up with what to write.After their telling, I would invite someone to share his/her story with all of us and I would write it down on the blackboard.This example story would be used as a sample to illustrate the format of funny story. Different from a story from teacher or textbook, a story from students can obviously become a interesting material to draw students’ attention.Then I would ask the whole class to put this story into several parts. It might be a little bit difficult for them. So I would ask them to find out whether all the sentences are necessary. After delete some sentences, there are 6 sentences left behind. Then they can easily put them into three parts. After interaction with students, I would teach them the right terms for each part and conclude the format of funny story.This step is the key and difficult point in my lesson. So I mainly usetask-based teaching method in this part and the task for students was divided into several stages. With the separated difficult level, students can find there are usually three parts in writing. They can also learn to write without the unnecessary parts in the process of analyzing. And then I wouldn’t rush to tell them the right terms to them directly. Instead, I would ask them to name them by their own. A confused mind is better for acquiring knowledge.While-writing:Then I would give students 7 minutes to write down this story, without other requirements.With all the preparations in pre-writing, students’ difficulties were cleared. So it would be much easier for them to write down the story within 7 minutes. There are no other requirements because students’ first writing is actually a drafting. It would be revise and edit several times later. Writing, as a skill
人教版高中英語必修3Canada-the true north說課稿4篇
Good afternoon, teachers, It’s my great pleasure to be here sharing my lesson with you.The content of my lesson is Senior English Book 3 Unit 5 Canada —— “The true North”.I’ll be ready to begin this lesson from five parts. Analysis of the teaching material,the teaching methods,the studying methods, the teaching procedure,and Blackboard design.First, let me talk about the teaching material.Part 1 Teaching Material:This unit is about the introduction of Canada. By studying of this unit,we’ll enable the students to learn the geography, population, main cities, and natural beauty, natural resources of Canada. Through the training of the unit, it also requires students to learn some Language skills such as the expressions of position and emotions.So it plays an important part in the English teaching in this book.After studying the teaching material and analyzing the rule of children’s growing of mind,I think the teaching aims are the followings:1.Knowledge objects:(1) make the students learn some new words and phrases(2) make the students understand the content of the lesson.2.Ability objects:(1)To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Especially reading and speaking ability.(2) learn to talk about the characters of Canada in English(3)To train the Ss’ ability of working in pairs.3.Emotion objects:(1)Enable students to understand the characters of Canada..(2)Stimulate Ss to work hard to make China stronger.Part 2 Teaching Methods:I think helping students learn to master new words and phrases and improve the students’ reading and speaking ability is import and the difficult.According to the analysis of the teaching material and the import points and the difficult points,I will use the following teaching methods : question-guiding approach; fast-reading and careful reading; multi-media teaching methods; discussion