Unit 2 Bridging Cultures-Discovering useful structures教學(xué)設(shè)計

復(fù)習(xí)名詞性從句

The grammar of this unit is designed toreview noun clauses. Sentences that use nouns in a sentence are called nounclauses. Nominal clauses can act as subject, object, predicate, appositive andother components in compound sentences. According to the above-mentioneddifferent grammatical functions, nominal clauses are divided into subjectclause, object clause, predicate clause and appositive clause. In this unit, wewill review the three kinds of nominal clauses. Appositive clauses are notrequired to be mastered in the optional compulsory stage, so they are notinvolved.

1. Guide the students to judge the compound sentences and determine thecomposition of the clauses in the sentence.

2. Instruct students to try to learn grammar by generalizing grammar rules,controlling written practice, and semi-open oral output.

3. Inspire the students to systematize the function and usage of noun clause

1.Instruct students totry to learn grammar by generalizing grammar rules, controlling writtenpractice, and semi-open oral output.

2.Inspire the students tosystematize the function and usage of noun clause

Step1: The teacher ask studetns to find out more nominalclauses from the reading passage and udnerline the nominal clauses.

1. Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so Itaught her how to cook it, too.

勞拉說她一聞到它就覺得餓，所以我也教了她怎么做。

2．…h(huán)er tutor explained that she must acknowledge what otherpeople had said if she cited their ideas...她的導(dǎo)師解釋說，如果她引用別人的觀點(diǎn)，她就必須注明引用了別人所說的話。

3．Whatsurprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a fewweeks.

令她驚訝的是，僅僅幾周后，她就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己敢于在課堂上發(fā)言。

4.What seemed strange before now appears quite normal toher.以前看起來很奇怪的事，現(xiàn)在在她看來就很正常了。

語法要點(diǎn):

1．以上各句為主從復(fù)合句，句中使用了相當(dāng)于名詞作用的從句(即名詞性從句)在句中充當(dāng)成分。

2．句1中says后為省略了that的賓語從句。

3．句2中explained后為that連接的賓語從句，that只起連接的作用，不充當(dāng)句子成分；acknowledge后為what連接的賓語從句，what在從句中充當(dāng)賓語。

4．句3中what surprised her 為what連接的主語從句，what在從句中充當(dāng)主語；that shefound...為that連接的表語從句，that只起連接的作用，不充當(dāng)句子成分。

5．句4中What seemed strange before為what連接的主語從句。

Step 2:名詞性從句基本知識梳理

一、主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句的定義及特點(diǎn)

(一)主語從句

主語從句是指在句中作主語的從句，位置與陳述句的主語相同。

Whether the sports meet will be held is not certain now.運(yùn)動會是否將舉行現(xiàn)在不能確定。

[名師點(diǎn)津]　若主語部分結(jié)構(gòu)較長，可以使用形式主語it，把真正的主語從句放于后面。

That she will do well in her exam is certain.

＝It is certain thatshe will do well in her exam.她在考試中會做得好，這是確定無疑的。

How we understand things has a lot to do withwhat we feel.

我們?nèi)绾卫斫馐挛锱c我們的感覺有很大關(guān)系。

That he had met a kind librarian in the city library gave us nosurprise.

他在市圖書館遇到了一位善良的圖書管理員，這并沒有使我們感到驚訝。

Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will wina prize in the Kite Festival.

每年制作出最漂亮風(fēng)箏的人都會在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上獲獎。

What he had said surprised everyone present.他所說的話讓在場每一個人吃驚。

It seemed that he had donated all his money to those in need.他似乎已將所有的錢都捐給了那些需要幫助的人。

(二)賓語從句

Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.每個人都知道地球是由物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的。

She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadnt.

她問我是否把書還給圖書館了，我承認(rèn)沒有。

I dont know where I can place my luggage．我不知道我的行李可以放在哪里。

We discussed whether we should use the money to buy a newhouse.

我們討論該不該用這筆錢買套新房子。

Im not certain whether the train will arrive on time.我不確定火車是否將會按時到達(dá)。

注意：形容詞后跟賓語從句的用法只限于少數(shù)動態(tài)形容詞，如sure(確信)，certain(肯定)，afraid(擔(dān)心)，confident(有把握的)等。

注意

(1)賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：think、believe、suppose、 imagine等動詞后的賓語從句中的否定詞要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

I dont think we need to waste much time on it.

我想我們不必在這上面浪費(fèi)太多時間。(形式上否定主句，實(shí)際上還是否定從句)

(2)“doubt＋賓語從句”的應(yīng)用。

肯定句中用whether或if，否定句和疑問句中用that。

I doubt whether he can pass the exam.我懷疑他是否能夠通過此次考試。

I dont doubt that he can pass the exam.我不懷疑他能通過此次考試。

Do you doubt that he can pass the exam?你懷疑他能通過此次考試嗎？

(三)表語從句

1．表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，出現(xiàn)在連系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。

2．表語從句實(shí)際上是對主語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，從句表達(dá)的是主語的內(nèi)容。

The fact is that he didnt notice the car until too late.

事實(shí)是他注意到汽車時已經(jīng)太晚了。

3．主句的主語是名詞idea、advice、suggestion、order、request、requirement等時，表語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“(should＋)動詞原形”。

My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about thismatter instead of setting it aside.

我的建議是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)討論一下這個問題，而不是把它放在一邊。

The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can beentirely free from dust.

雨季最令人愉快的事情是可以完全擺脫灰塵。

This is because about seventyone percent of its surface iscovered by water.

這是因為它的表面有71%被水覆蓋著。

名詞性從句連接詞

(一)that、whether和if

1．連接詞that

that引導(dǎo)從句時，本身無意義，在從句中不充當(dāng)成分。但是that在引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句時，一般不能省略。例如：

That he suddenly fell ill made us surprised.他突然生病讓我們震驚。

The fact is that we are behind other groups.事實(shí)是我們落后于其他小組。

在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，常被省略；但是以下兩種情況除外：

(1)多個并列從句出現(xiàn)時，第一個that可以省略，其他的不能省略。

She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait forher till Monday.

她說她將會來這兒并讓我等到星期一。

(2)含有形式主語it時，放于后面的賓語從句不能省略that。

They made it clear to the public that they did an important andnecessary job.

他們向公眾表明：他們所做的工作重要且必不可少。

2．連接詞whether和if

(1)連接詞whether/if在從句中意為“是否”，不充當(dāng)成分，一般不能省略。

(2)在主語從句中位于句首時只能用whether；當(dāng)用it作形式主語時，whether與if都可以。

Whether he passed the exam was not certain.

＝It was not certain whether/ifhe passed the exam.

不確定他是否通過了考試。

(3)表語從句中常用whether。

The question is whether we should ask them for help.問題是我們是否應(yīng)該向他們尋求幫助。

(4)賓語從句中連接詞whether和if常?？梢曰Q。

I wonder whether/if hell agree with me.我想知道他是否會同意我。

[點(diǎn)津]　賓語從句中用whether不用if的三種情況：

(1)與or not連用

We dont know whether Tom will turn up at the meeting or not.我們不知道湯姆是否會參加會議。

(2)位于介詞之后

Everything depends on whether you are for it.每件事情都取決于你是否贊成它。

(3)位于動詞不定式之前

I dont know whether to believe him.我不知道是否該相信他。

(二)連接代詞what、 which、who、whom和whose

連接代詞what、which、who、whom和whose在從句中的意義分別為“所……”“哪一個”“誰”“誰”“誰的”；在從句中起代詞的作用，可作主語、表語、賓語或定語。

Thats what we have said.(作賓語)那就是我們所說的話。

Do you know which of the boys was late? (作主語)你知道哪個男孩遲到了嗎？

Who will come to give the talk is known to us all.(作主語)我們都知道誰將來做報告。

The problem is whom the headmaster will send to deal with it.(作賓語)問題是校長將要派誰來處理這件事情。

Do you know whose Tshirt it is？(作定語)你知道這是誰的T恤衫嗎？

[點(diǎn)津]　連接代詞what、 which的區(qū)別：

which引導(dǎo)主語從句時需要限定一個有限的、較小的范圍，而what指在一個較廣的范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行選擇或者根本沒有范圍。

Which of the boys broke the window is already known.

已經(jīng)知道是哪個男孩打破了窗戶。

I dont know what books the children can read.我不知道孩子們能讀什么書。

(三)連接副詞when、where、why和how

when意為“何時”，在從句中作時間狀語；where意為“哪里”，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語；how意為“如何”，在從句中作方式狀語；why意為“為什么”，在從句中作原因狀語。

When well set off for home hasnt been decidedyet.我們何時動身回家還沒有被決定。

That was where I spent my holiday.那就是我度假的地方。

Nobody knew how she got the prize.沒有人知道她是如何獲獎的。

This is why we put off the meeting.這就是我們推遲會議的原因。

(四)復(fù)合連接詞whatever、whichever、whoever和whomever

連接代詞whatever、whichever、whoever和whomever在從句中的意義分別為“無論什么”“無論哪一個”“無論誰”“無論誰”；在從句中起代詞的作用，可作主語、賓語或定語。

Whatever I have is at your service.我所有的一切都供你使用。

Ill take whichever picture you dont want.我隨便拿一幅你不要的畫好了?！?/p>

Whoever breaks the law should be punished.無論誰違反了法律都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。

Whomever you invite will be welcome.你邀請的任何人都將受歡迎。　

[名師點(diǎn)津](1)whatever、whichever、who(m)ever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，又可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；no matterwhat、no matter which、no matter who(m)只引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

Whichever/No matter which dictionary you want to buy, Ill payfor it.無論你想買哪本詞典，我都愿意付款。

(2)wherever (＝no matter where);whenever (＝no matter when);however (＝no matter how)一般引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

However/No matter how tough the problem may be, Ill work itout by myself.

無論問題可能有多難，我都會自己解決它。

it作形式主語或形式賓語的名詞性從句

(一)主語從句中以it作形式主語的四種常用句型

1．It ＋不及物動詞的適當(dāng)形式＋從句