Unit 5 First Aid-Discovering useful structures教學(xué)設(shè)計

復(fù)習(xí)動詞ing形式

TheGrammatic Function of the Verb-ing Form in Sentences: Gerunds are used assubject, object, predicate and attributive in sentences, and the presentparticiple is used as adverbial, object complement and attributive insentences.

1. Lead students to rewritethe sentence with the -ing form and summarize the different structures in thesentence

2. Lead students to summarizethe grammatical function of the "ing" form of the verb and understandits expressive effect.

3. Guide students to learngrammar from self-induction of grammar rules to flexible use of grammar pointsand language output.

4. Guide students tounderstand the difference between –ing form of verbs and the gerund forms.

1. Guide students to learn grammar from self-induction of grammar rules toflexible use of grammar points and language output.

2. Guide students to understand the difference between –ing form of verbs andthe gerund forms.

Step1: The teacher asks studwents to find out allthe sentences in this unit containing –ing forms and then sum up their fuctions.

1．It also helps control your body temperature，prevents your body from losing toomuch water...

2．As you can imagine，gettingburnt can lead to very serious injuries.

3．The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is givingfirst aid.

4．Burns are divided into three types，depending on the depth of skin damage.

5．Examples include burns caused by electric shocks，burning clothes，or petrol fires.

6．Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary，unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.

7．Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea，as it will keep the heat in the wounds andmay cause infection.

8．Place burns under cool running water，especially within the first ten minutes.

語法功能：

1．句1中的v.ing形式在句中作賓語。

2．句2、7中的v.ing形式在句中作主語。

3．句3中的v.ing形式在句中作表語。

4．句4、6中v.ing形式在句中作狀語。

5．句5、8中v.ing形式在句中作定語。

6．句6中v.ing形式在句中作賓補(bǔ)。

Step2: The teacherinstructs Ss to review the basic knowledge about –ing forms：

動詞ing形式在句中的語法作用：動名詞在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和定語。

一、動詞ing形式(動名詞)作主語

1．動詞ing形式作主語時，往往表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作，通常置于句首。

Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.

大聲朗讀是學(xué)習(xí)語言的一種好方法。

Wasting a persons time is the same as killing him for hisproperty.

浪費別人的時間無異于謀財害命。

[點津] (1)不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動作。

To lie to her is wrong.對她撒謊不對。

(2)動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.對于老人來說爬山確實困難。

2．形式主語it代替動詞ing形式作主語。

此類句式常見的有：

Its a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪費時間

Its useless/worthwhile doingsth. 做某事沒用/是值得的

Its no good/use/fun doingsth. 做某事沒用/沒意思

It is no use waiting for other people to make decisions for you.

等別人替你做決定是沒有用的。

It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.

勸說這種人加入我們是浪費時間。

3．當(dāng)句型“There is no...”表示“不允許、禁止某種行為的發(fā)生或存在”時，需用動詞ing形式作主語。

There is no denying that the environment is from bad to worse.

不能否認(rèn)，環(huán)境狀況正在逐步惡化。

There is no joking about such matters.這種事開不得玩笑。

Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危險。

Be careful！To play with fire willbe dangerous.小心點！玩火會帶來危險。

Swimming is a good sport in summer.夏天游泳是一項好的體育活動。

Its no use complaining without taking action.只抱怨不行動是沒用的。

二、動詞ing形式(動名詞)作賓語

1．作動詞的賓語

常接動詞ing形式作賓語的動詞有：

avoid、miss、postpone

advise/suggest、finish、practice

enjoy、imagine、cant help

admit、deny、envy

escape、risk、excuse

stand、keep、mind

Would you mind opening the window?你介意打開窗子嗎？

He tried to avoid answering my questions.他試圖對我的問題避而不答。

2．作動詞短語的賓語

常見的跟動詞ing形式作賓語的動詞短語有：insist on、object to、be good at、be fond of、lead to、put off、give up、look forward to、feel like、devote to、get/be used to、pay attention to、be worth等。

He insisted on doing it in his own way.他堅持要按照自己的方法做。

3．在有些動詞的后面，如：start、begin、continue等既可接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語，兩者意義區(qū)別不大。

They continued working/to work as if nothing had happened.

他們繼續(xù)工作，似乎什么也沒發(fā)生過。

4．在love、hate、prefer、like等動詞后接動詞ing形式作賓語指經(jīng)常性的動作，用不定式作賓語指具體的動作。

He preferred staying in the house when it rained.

下雨時他寧愿待在家里。(用動詞ing形式作賓語，指每逢天下雨都待在家里。)

I prefer to stay at home this afternoon.

今天下午我寧愿留在家里。(用動詞不定式作賓語，表示今天下午留在家里這一具體的動作。)

5．有些動詞(短語)后跟不定式和動詞ing形式作賓語均可，但含義不同。常見的有：

Please remember to give my best regards to your family.請記著代我向你的家人問好。

I still remember visiting the museum for the first time.我仍記得第一次參觀博物館的情景。

6．下列動詞可接動詞ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義，相當(dāng)于不定式的被動形式。

need/want/require/deserve doing＝need/want/require/deserve to be done

The bike needs repairing/to be repaired.這輛自行車需要修一下。

I remember to mail the letter but forget to buy the stamp.我記得要去寄信可忘了買郵票了。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour．誤了這班火車就意味著再等一個小時。

Its quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很熱。你愿意去游泳嗎？

三、動詞ing形式作表語

作表語的動詞ing形式包括現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞。

1．現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，往往具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征等。作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞，許多是由能夠表示人們某種感情或情緒的動詞變化而來的。常見的有moving、interesting、encouraging、exciting、inspiring、boring、surprising、puzzling、amusing、astonishing ...這類分詞有“令人……的”的含義，常修飾物。

The argument is very convincing.這個論點很令人信服。

Your speech is very interesting and encouraging.你的演講很有趣而且很鼓舞人。

2．動名詞作表語多表示抽象性的或習(xí)慣性的動作，一般說明主語的內(nèi)容。

Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.＝Keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job.她的工作是盡量使報告廳保持干凈。

His job is painting walls.他的工作是粉刷墻。

His job is to paint the wall.他的工作是粉刷這面墻。

四、動詞ing形式作定語

動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作定語，但有所區(qū)別。

1．動名詞作定語表示被修飾詞的某種性能或用途，相當(dāng)于for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.閱覽室里不準(zhǔn)大聲說話。

2．現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，它和被修飾詞之間有邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，表示所修飾詞進(jìn)行的動作，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。

The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.

＝The boy that/who is playingfootball on the playground is my younger brother.

在操場上踢足球的那個男孩是我的弟弟。

[點津] 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和不定式作定語的一般區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行或習(xí)慣性的動作；過去分詞表示被動或完成意義；不定式表示動作尚未發(fā)生。

You should adapt to the changing situation.你應(yīng)該適應(yīng)不斷變化的形勢。

The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地上滿是落葉。

Our school went on an organized trip last week.

我們學(xué)校上周進(jìn)行了一次有組織的旅行。

I cant go with you, for I have a lot of work to do．

我不能和你一起去，因為我有許多工作要做。

Theres a note pinned to the door saying when the shop will openagain.

門上別著一張便條，上面寫著商店什么時候再開門。

五、動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作賓語補(bǔ)足語

動詞ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，表示正在進(jìn)行的動作或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。動詞ing形式常作以下動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。

1．表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的感官動詞(短語)(常見的有see、hear、feel、smell、find、notice、observe、look at、listen to等)＋sb.＋doing sth.(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)。

I felt somebody standing behind me.我感覺有人站在我后面。

I saw the little boy crying there.我看到小男孩在那兒哭。

2．表示指使意義的使役動詞(常見的有have、let、keep、get、leave等)＋sb./sth.＋doing sth.(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)。

We kept the fire burning all night long.我們讓火整夜燃燒著。

I wont have you running about in the room.我不允許你在房間里跑來跑去。

[點津] 使役動詞接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示“讓……一直做某事”。接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示“讓某人做某事”；接過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示“主語請某人做某事，使完成某事或主語遭遇某事”。

They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他們用電腦使交通暢通。

The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park withtheir pet dog following them.

那對老夫婦晚飯后經(jīng)常帶著他們的寵物狗在公園散步。

He had the walls painted this morning.他今天早上讓人粉刷了墻。

Toms mother made him paint the house.湯姆的母親讓他油漆房子。

Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt.當(dāng)心，否則會弄傷手的。

3．用于with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中。

I couldnt do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪音不斷，我沒法做家庭作業(yè)。

With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.這么多人看著她，她感到緊張。

I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist.我突然感到自己被重重地打了一拳。

He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.他明天想去檢查眼睛。

We shouldnt keep our lights burning in the day.我們白天不應(yīng)該開著燈。

With all fans singing together，he felt soproud.所有的粉絲一起歌唱，他感到如此的驕傲。

六、動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作狀語的用法

現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)在句中作狀語來修飾謂語動詞或整個句子，表示動作發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、方式、讓步或伴隨狀況。

1．作時間狀語(相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句)

Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.＝When/While (she was) walking in the park, she saw an old friend.當(dāng)她在公園里散步時，她看到了她的一個老朋友。

[點津] 當(dāng)表示正在進(jìn)行的動作時，可直接在分詞前面加上when/while，此時也可理解為狀語從句的省略。

2．作原因狀語(一般可轉(zhuǎn)換成由as或because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句)

Being ill, he couldnt go to school.＝As he wasill, he couldnt go to school.

因為生病了，他無法去上學(xué)。

3．作條件狀語(一般放在句首，其前可以加if、unless等連詞)。

Working hard, youll make great progress.＝If you work hard, youll make great progress.

如果你努力工作，你將取得很大進(jìn)步。

4．作結(jié)果狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語時，通常放在句末，中間用逗號隔開，表示一種順其自然、意料之中的結(jié)果。

The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowingmore patients to be treated.

這家醫(yī)院最近得到一批新的醫(yī)療設(shè)備，這使更多的病人能得到治療。

[點津] 現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，是隨著謂語動詞的發(fā)生而產(chǎn)生的自然結(jié)果，其邏輯主語往往是前面整個句子所描述的情況，前面有時候可以加thus。而不定式作結(jié)果狀語時常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，有時前面可以加only。試比較：

He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch a cold.被雨淋后他感冒了。

I hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday.我匆忙趕到學(xué)校，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)是星期天。

5．作讓步、方式和伴隨狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞作讓步、方式和伴隨狀語時，說明動作發(fā)生的背景和情況。作伴隨狀語時，表示分詞的動作和主句的動作同時發(fā)生，此時它可轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句。

Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.

瑪麗坐在教室的窗邊讀一本書。

[點津] 為強(qiáng)調(diào)動詞ing形式表達(dá)的意義，可在其前加上各種連詞。例如，加上when、while，強(qiáng)調(diào)與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生；加上before、after，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作先后發(fā)生；加上thus，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；加上(al)though，強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步等。

Though knowing allthis, they made me pay for the damage.

盡管他們了解這一切，但還是讓我賠償損失。

There is no greaterpleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring at thenight sky。沒有什么比躺在草地中央，望著夜空更快樂的事了。

Being poor, he cantafford a computer.因為窮，他買不起電腦。

Newlybuilt woodencottages line the street, turning the old town into a dreamland.

新建的木屋沿著街道排列，把老城區(qū)變成了一個夢幻之地。

七、動詞ing形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1.現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)

當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時，用分詞的一般式；當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的動作先發(fā)生，而謂語動詞的動作后發(fā)生時，用分詞的完成式。

Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine.

我正在大街上行走時，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和謂語動詞met同時發(fā)生)

Having finished the letter, he went to post it.

他寫完信后就把它寄了出去。(havingfinished是先發(fā)生的，went是后發(fā)生的)

2．現(xiàn)在分詞的語態(tài)

使用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動式還是被動式，這主要取決于現(xiàn)在分詞和句子主語之間的關(guān)系。句子的主語就是分詞的邏輯主語。

Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy.(現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式)

被領(lǐng)著參觀了工廠后，他們很高興。

Having finished his homework, he went to bed.(現(xiàn)在分詞的主動式)

完成了作業(yè)后，他上床睡覺。

Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.

看到?jīng)]人在家，他決定給他們留個便條。

Having been told for several times, he still couldnt understandthe rules.雖然被告訴了好幾次，他還是不明白規(guī)則。

Having received his reply, she rang him up.收到他的回信后，她給他打了電話。

Being talked to, you should look into the eyes of the person.和別人說話時，你應(yīng)該看著對方的眼睛。

Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed awonderful film.由于那天晚上被要求加班，我錯過了一場精彩的電影。

八、動詞ing形式的否定形式及動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

1．動詞ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not，帶有邏輯主語時 not應(yīng)放在邏輯主語和動詞ing形式之間。

You have no excuse for not going.你沒有理由不去。

He was punished for not having finished his homework.他因未完成作業(yè)而受到懲罰。

2．動詞ing形式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加動詞ing，即“sb./sb.s＋doing”構(gòu)成。動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)實際上是給動詞ing形式加了一個邏輯主語。動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式：

①形容詞性物主代詞＋動詞ing

②名詞所有格＋動詞ing

③代詞賓格＋動詞ing

④名詞＋動詞ing

Her coming to help encouraged all of us.她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。