Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. Places to visit...well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall first.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have. Why ?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King.Justin: Really? Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought.Justin:Sounds great, thanks.Answers:Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Do you have any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, that’s cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. What are some places to visit in Guizhou ? Well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall is the first place to visit in Guizhou Province.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West . Why do you ask if I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King from Journey to the West.Justin: That’s really true? It’s Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages on your trip to Guizhou Province. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought it was.Justin:This all sounds great, thanks.
The topic of this part is “Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity”.This section focuses on Chinese culture by introducing Chinatown, whose purpose is to show the relationship between the Chinese culture and American culture. The Chinese culture in Chinatown is an important part of American culture. Chinatown is an important window of spreading Chinese culture and the spirit homeland of oversea Chinese, where foreigners can experience Chinese culture by themselves.Concretely, the title is “Welcome to Chinatown!”, from which we can know that the article aims at introducing Chinatown. The author used the “Introduction--Body Paragraph--Conclusion” to describe the people, language, architecture, business, famous food and drinks and people’s activities, which can be a centre for Chinese culture and shows its unique charm.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information.2. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.3. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.4. Learn to correct others’ writing.1. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.2. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.Step 1 Lead in ---Small talkIn the reading part, we mentioned the Chinatown of San Francisco. How much do you know about Chinatown of San Francisco ?Chinatown is a main living place for Chinese immigrants, where you can see many Chinese-style buildings, costumes, operas, restaurants, music and even hear Chinese.Step 2 Before reading ---Predict the contentWhat is the writer’s purpose of writing this text ? How do you know ?From the title(Welcome to Chinatown) and some key words from the text(tourist, visit, visitors, experience), we can know the purpose of the text is to introduce Chinatown and show the relationship between Chinese culture and American culture.
1. In Picture 1 and Picture 2, where do you think they are from? How do you know?From their wearings, we can know they are from ethnic minority of China--- Miao and Dong.Picture 1, they are playing their traditional instrument lusheng in their traditional costumes.Picture 2. the girls are Miao because they wear their traditional costumes and silver accessory.2. In Picture 3, can you find which village it is? What time is it in the picture?It is Dong village. It is at night. Step 2 While-listeningJustin met a new friend while traveling in Guizhou. Listen to their conversation and complete the summaries below.Part 1Justin and Wu Yue watched some Miao people play the lusheng. The instrument has a history of over 3,000 years and it is even mentioned in the oldest collection of Chinese poetry. Then they watched the lusheng dance. Justin wanted to buy some hand-made silver/traditional accessories as souvenirs. He was told that the price will depend on the percentage of silver. Part 2They will go to a pretty Dong minority village called Zhaoxing. they will see the drum towers and the wind and rain bridges. They may also see a performance of the Grand Song of the Dong people.Step 3 Post-listening---TalkingWork in groups. Imagine Justin is telling some friends about his trip to Guizhou. One of you is Justin and the rest of you are his friends. Ask Justin questions about his trip and experience. The following expressions may help you.
The theme of the section is “Describe space facts and efforts to explore space”. Infinitives are one of non-finite verbs, as the subjects, objects, predicative, attributes and adverbials. This unit is about space exploration, which is a significant scientific activity, so every scientific activity has strong planning. Therefore, using the infinitives to show its purpose, explanations or restrictions is the best choice.1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English. 1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use use infinitives in oral and writing English.Step 1 Lead in---Pair workLook at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot..(作目的狀語(yǔ))2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space..(作目的狀語(yǔ))3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree..(作目的狀語(yǔ))4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space..(作定語(yǔ))5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space..(作定語(yǔ))Summary:1. 不定式的結(jié)構(gòu):to+do原形。2. 分析上面的句子,我們知道在描述太空探索時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式不僅可以用來(lái)表目的,還可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ),表修飾。
⑦在我看來(lái), 探索太空是值得的。As far as I am concerned, it is worthwhile to explore the space.Step 10 Writing---draftRecently, students in our class have had heated a discussion on whether space is worth exploring. Students hold different ideas about it.30% of us think space exploration is not worthwhile. They think space is too far away from us and our daily life and is a waste of money. And the money spent on space exploration can be used to solve the earth’s problems such as starvation and pollution.On the other hand,70% think space is worth exploring because we have benefited a lot from it,such as using satellites for communication and weather forecast. What’s more,with further space research,we may solve the population problem by moving to other planets one day. Also,space research will enable us to find new sources to solve the problem of energy shortages on the earth.As far as I am concerned, it is worthwhile to explore the space. Not only can it promote the development of society but also enrich our life. Step 11 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1.Does the writer explain why he/she changed/wanted to change?2.Does the writer tell how the changes have improved or will improve his/her life?3.Is the text well-organised?4.Does the writer use words and expressions to show similarities and differences?5.Are there any grammar or spelling errors?6.Does the writer use correct punctuation?
Step 3 Meaning1. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。一般由“would/should +動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。She hoped that they would meet again someday. 她希望將來(lái)有一天他們能再見(jiàn)面。2. was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形: 表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生或很有可能發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 常用于口語(yǔ)中, 表示預(yù)言、意圖或者打算等。He was going to start work the following week. 他打算下星期開(kāi)始工作。3. was/were about to do: 常用來(lái)表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, “剛要/正要做……”。注意該結(jié)構(gòu)不與任何時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 我感到某種可怕的事情即將發(fā)生。4.was/were to do: 表示“曾計(jì)劃做某事”, 如果表示“本來(lái)計(jì)劃做某事, 動(dòng)作沒(méi)實(shí)現(xiàn)”, 則需用 “was/were to have done”。She said she was to have told me about the accident. 她說(shuō)她本來(lái)想告訴我關(guān)于事故的事。5.Start, go, come, leave, see, meet等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí): 表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而言即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。She was coming later. 她隨后就來(lái)。I had just put on my overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine. 我剛穿上外套要去看我的一個(gè)朋友。
4. A:We’d like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.B:↙Who?A:We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.B用降調(diào)說(shuō)Who,其意思是問(wèn),對(duì)方想讓誰(shuí)在開(kāi)場(chǎng)時(shí)致歡迎詞。Step 6 Pronunciation---Practice1. Listen to the short conversation and mark the intonation with ↗, ↙ or ↙, ↗. Then discuss with a partner what they intend to convey by using different intonation.Owner: You know what ?↗ It’s a million-pound bank note↙.Waiter 1: Really ?↗(question)Waiter 2: Really !↙(unbelievable and surprised)Waiter 3: Really ?!↙↗(first question then surprised)2. Listen to the conversations. Underline the parts that are stressed and mark the intonation. Then talk about the implied meanings of the responses with different intonations. Listen again and repeat.1) Henry: It’s a nice suit.Owner: Oh, it’s perfect!↙(The intonation means it is very suitable for Henry.)2) Henry: Well, that’s very kind of you.Owner: Kind, sir ?↗(what you said is not right) No, it’s kind of you. You must come whenever you want and have whatever you like. Just having you sit here is a great honour !!↙(welcome you to come again)3)Henry:Well, to be honest, I have none. Oliver:(happily) What luck!(excited) Brother↗, what luck!↙(It means “Didn’t you hear it?”)Henry: Well, it may seem lucky to you but not to me!↗(angry) If this is your idea of some kind of joke, I don’t think it’s very funny. Now if you’ll excuse me, I ought to be on my way.↙(If so, I would leave.)Roderick: Please don’t go↙...(hope Henry can wait for a moment)Part B Viewing and Talking---Describe people’s changing attitudes in a film clipStep 1 Before-listening---Tell the filmYou are going to watch part of the film The Million Pound Bank Note. Look at these photos and guess what happens in the film.
2. 您能看到, 我頭發(fā)太長(zhǎng)了。You can see that my hair is much too long.3. 無(wú)論什么時(shí)候, 只要您想回來(lái)就回來(lái)。Please come back whenever you want.4. 您僅有很少的頭發(fā)要理! You only have too little hair to cut !5. 為您服務(wù)是我的榮幸!It is my honour to serve you!Step 9 Writing(Henry is walking down the street when he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to have it cut. )H=Henry B=BarberH: Good afternoon, I’d like to have my hair cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry’s hair and continues cutting another man’s hair. ) Er, I’d really like a haircut. As you can see it’s much too long. B: (in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H: Fine, well, I’ll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber’s chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B: It’s quite expensive here, you know! Are you sure you can afford it?H: Yes. I think so. (After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B: Why Mr. . . (looks shocked)H: Adams. Henry Adams. I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. B: Please don’t worry! (wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about! Nothing at all! Please come back whenever you want, even if you only have too little hair to cut! It will be my honour to serve you!Step 10 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Are all the elements of a play included and in good order ?2. Do the character use suitable language ?3. Are the stage directions clear and useful ?4. Is the plot clear and exciting enough ?
The themes of this part are “Talk about how to become an astronaut” and “Talk about life in space”. As Neil Armstrong said “Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man’s desire to understand. Space is difficult for human to reach, therefore, humans are full of wonders about it. However, if wanting to achieve the dream of reaching the Moon, some of our human should work hard to be an astronaut at first. Part A(Talk about how to become an astronaut) is a radio interview in a radio studio, where the host asked the Chinese astronauts about his story how to become an astronaut. Yang Liwei told his dreamed to be an astronaut since childhood. Then he worked hard to get into college at 22. The next 10 years, he gradually became an experienced pilot. At the same time, to be an astronaut, he had to study hard English, science and astronomy and trained hard to keep in good physical and mental health and to practise using space equipment. Part B (Talk about life in space) is also an interview with the astronaut Brown, who is back on the earth. The host Max asked about his space life, such as his emotion about going back the earth, the eating, shower, brushing, hobbies and his work. Part A and Part B are interviews. So expressing curiosity about the guests’ past life is a communicative skill, which students should be guided to learn.1. Students can get detailed information about how Yang Liwei became an astronaut and Max’s space life.2. Students learn to proper listening strategy to get detailed information---listening for numbers and taking notes.3. Students can learn related sentences or phrases to express their curiosity like “ I wish to know...” “I’d love to know...”4. Students can learn more about the space and astronauts, even be interested in working hard to be an astronaut
Step 4: Listen again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1 It was the first time Chen Liyan's story was reported. T口 F口2 Chen found 10,000 yuan in a small plastic bag in Taiyuan railway station口 F口3 Wang Zheng apologized to Chen because he couldn't offer her more money. T口 F口4 Chen took out a large loan to cure her daughter, T口 F口5 Wang set up a fundraising website for Chen's daughter after Chen told him about her situation. T口 F口Step 5:After listening, discuss the questions.1 What kind of person do you think Chen Liyan is?Chen Liyan is generous and honest because she returned a large sum of money to the owner.2 Did Chen return the money because she didn't need it?No. She returned the money because it was the right thing to do. Evidence for this is that she refused to accept the reward money because she felt that it had not been earned. 3 Is it common for people to do what Chen did?It depends on the culture. In some countries it is quite common to return money that has been found. In other countries, people believe "Finders are keepers!" 4 How did Wang Zheng feel about the return of his money?He must have been very happy and relieved to have gotten his money back. We know this because he thanked Chen repeatedly and even offered her a reward.5 Why did Ma Dongbao tell Wang about Chen's family?He must have had great sympathy for Chen and her daughter and wanted to help them.'We know this because he arranged help for them. 6 How did the news reporter feel about Chen's actions?The news reporter felt that it showed that money wasn't the most important thing in life. We know this because the reporter told us that this is what Chen believes. and then said, “that's a great attitude to take."
2.陌生人初次見(jiàn)面打招呼What’s your name?(What’s = What is)Alan./I’m Alan./My name is AlanMiller.(first name,last name = family name)Are you Helen?Yes, I am.Niceto meet you.(這里的Iam 不能縮寫(xiě))Nice to meetyou, too.What’s his name?His name isJim.Is she Linda?
(二)?過(guò)程與方法? 4.?觀察生活中的慣性現(xiàn)象,了解力和運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)系? 5.?通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)加深對(duì)牛頓第一定律的理解? 6.?理解理想實(shí)驗(yàn)是科學(xué)研究的重要方法? (三)?情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀? 7.?通過(guò)伽利略和亞里士多德對(duì)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)系的不同認(rèn)識(shí),了解人類(lèi)認(rèn)識(shí)事物本質(zhì)的曲折性? 8.?感悟科學(xué)是人類(lèi)進(jìn)步的不竭動(dòng)力
思考:洗衣機(jī)脫水時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)速高時(shí)容易甩干衣物,還是轉(zhuǎn)速低時(shí)容易甩干衣物?(2) 制作棉花糖的原理內(nèi)筒與洗衣機(jī)的脫水筒相似,里面加入白砂糖,加熱使糖熔化成糖汁。內(nèi)筒高速旋轉(zhuǎn),黏稠的糖汁就做離心運(yùn)動(dòng),從內(nèi)筒壁的小孔飛散出去,成為絲狀到達(dá)溫度較低的外筒,并迅速冷卻凝固,變得纖細(xì)雪白,像一團(tuán)團(tuán)棉花。5.離心現(xiàn)象的防止在水平公路上行駛的汽車(chē),轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)所需的向心力是由車(chē)輪與路面的靜摩擦力提供的。如果轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)速度過(guò)大,所需向心力F大于最大靜摩擦力Fmax,汽車(chē)將做離心運(yùn)動(dòng)而造成交通事故。因此,在公路彎道處,車(chē)輛行駛不允許超過(guò)規(guī)定的速度。當(dāng)高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的砂輪或者飛輪內(nèi)部分子間相互作用力不足以提供所需向心力時(shí),離心運(yùn)動(dòng)就會(huì)使他們破裂,甚至釀成事故。
1、知識(shí)與能力:(1)識(shí)記:20 世紀(jì) 50 ~70 年代國(guó)家干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策、 70年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)“滯脹”“混合經(jīng)濟(jì)”;福利國(guó)家;第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展;“新經(jīng)濟(jì)”的出現(xiàn);(2)理解當(dāng)代資本主義的新變化的實(shí)質(zhì)是資本主義的自我揚(yáng)棄,是在資本主義內(nèi)部的自我改善,是資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的自我調(diào)整;(3)掌握以美國(guó)為代表的主要資本主義國(guó)家在戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展歷程,分析各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的共同原因。2、過(guò)程與方法:(1)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用教材和相關(guān)史料,培養(yǎng)歸納、再現(xiàn)歷史事件的能力,提高學(xué)生的歷史思維能力;通過(guò)討論提高學(xué)生的思辨能力,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生全面客觀地分析問(wèn)題的思維方式。(2)學(xué)生通過(guò)觀察1977年發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)比重表,懂得提取有效信息、分析數(shù)據(jù)的能力;(3)學(xué)生通過(guò)思考討論西方福利制度的利弊,培養(yǎng)全面、客觀分析和比較歷史現(xiàn)象,辯證地觀察和分析歷史問(wèn)題的能力。
(二)進(jìn)行新課1、動(dòng)能與勢(shì)能的相互轉(zhuǎn)化演示實(shí)驗(yàn)1:如右圖,用細(xì)線、小球、帶有標(biāo)尺的鐵架臺(tái)等做實(shí)驗(yàn)。把一個(gè)小球用細(xì)線懸掛起來(lái),把小球拉到一定高度的A點(diǎn),然后放開(kāi),小球在擺動(dòng)過(guò)程中,重力勢(shì)能和動(dòng)能相互轉(zhuǎn)化。我們看到,小球可以擺到跟A點(diǎn)等高的C點(diǎn),如圖甲。如果用尺子在某一點(diǎn)擋住細(xì)線,小球雖然不能擺到C點(diǎn),但擺到另一側(cè)時(shí),也能達(dá)到跟A點(diǎn)相同的高度,如圖乙。問(wèn)題:這個(gè)小實(shí)驗(yàn)中,小球的受力情況如何?各個(gè)力的做功情況如何?這個(gè)小實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)明了什么?學(xué)生觀察演示實(shí)驗(yàn),思考問(wèn)題,選出代表發(fā)表見(jiàn)解。小球在擺動(dòng)過(guò)程中受重力和繩的拉力作用。拉力和速度方向總垂直,對(duì)小球不做功;只有重力對(duì)小球能做功。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,小球在擺動(dòng)過(guò)程中重力勢(shì)能和動(dòng)能在不斷轉(zhuǎn)化。在擺動(dòng)過(guò)程中,小球總能回到原來(lái)的高度。可見(jiàn),重力勢(shì)能和動(dòng)能的總和保持不變。即機(jī)械能保持不變。
3.適用條件(1)萬(wàn)有引力定律只適用于質(zhì)點(diǎn)間引力大小的計(jì)算。當(dāng)兩物體間的距離遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于每個(gè)物體的尺寸時(shí),物體可以看成質(zhì)點(diǎn),直接使用萬(wàn)有引力定律計(jì)算。(模型)研究相互接觸的兩個(gè)人之間的萬(wàn)有引力時(shí),不能把他們看作質(zhì)點(diǎn)。(2)當(dāng)兩物體是質(zhì)量均勻分布的球體時(shí),它們間的引力也可直接用公式計(jì)算,但式中的r是指兩球心間距離。研究太陽(yáng)和地球之間的萬(wàn)有引力,可以把它們看作質(zhì)量均勻的球體。當(dāng)研究物體不能看成質(zhì)點(diǎn)時(shí),可以把物體假想分割成無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)質(zhì)點(diǎn),求出兩個(gè)物體上每個(gè)質(zhì)點(diǎn)與另一物體上所有質(zhì)點(diǎn)的萬(wàn)有引力,然后求合力,這是微積分的思想。萬(wàn)有引力定律產(chǎn)生于對(duì)太陽(yáng)系行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究,但它對(duì)物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的適用性卻要廣泛得多??梢赃@樣說(shuō),宇宙中凡有引力參與的一切復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象,無(wú)不要?dú)w結(jié)到這樣一條十分簡(jiǎn)潔的定律之中,這不能不使人驚嘆宇宙萬(wàn)物超乎尋常的和諧及人類(lèi)理性思考所具有的統(tǒng)攝力。
二、課堂教學(xué)(課前由科代表發(fā)回預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案)1、教師根據(jù)預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案檢查結(jié)果提出問(wèn)題(用多媒體展示),引導(dǎo)全班討論(重點(diǎn)討論:①、為什么動(dòng)能的表達(dá)式一定是 mV2 ?你如何得出這個(gè)結(jié)論?②、力在一個(gè)過(guò)程中對(duì)物體所做的功,和物體在這個(gè)過(guò)程中動(dòng)能的變化量有什么關(guān)系?你如何得出這個(gè)結(jié)論?這個(gè)做功的力和F=ma中的力F有什么關(guān)系)。有困難的小組應(yīng)及時(shí)問(wèn)老師。老師在這個(gè)過(guò)程中巡視指導(dǎo)。2、學(xué)生自主閱讀課文“7 動(dòng)能和動(dòng)能定理”中的“動(dòng)能的表達(dá)式”,然后完成如下練習(xí)(教師在此過(guò)程中巡視指導(dǎo)):2.1嘗試推出動(dòng)能的表達(dá)式(鼓勵(lì)會(huì)推導(dǎo)的同學(xué)積極上臺(tái)板演,老師引導(dǎo)討論)。2.2寫(xiě)出動(dòng)能的小結(jié)(認(rèn)真閱讀教材p66倒數(shù)第二段、第三段,結(jié)合你推導(dǎo)動(dòng)能表達(dá)式的過(guò)程,認(rèn)真思考后四人一組討論:①、動(dòng)能是矢量還是標(biāo)量?②、動(dòng)能的單位是什么?③、你認(rèn)為應(yīng)從哪幾方面來(lái)理解動(dòng)能?)
【學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容分析】在行星運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律與萬(wàn)有引力定律兩節(jié)內(nèi)容之間安排本節(jié)內(nèi)容,是為了更突出發(fā)現(xiàn)萬(wàn)有引力定律的這個(gè)科學(xué)過(guò)程。如果說(shuō)上一節(jié)內(nèi)容是從運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)角度描述行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的話,那么,本節(jié)內(nèi)容是從動(dòng)力學(xué)角度來(lái)研究行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的,研究過(guò)程是依據(jù)已有規(guī)律進(jìn)行的演繹推理過(guò)程。教科書(shū)在尊重歷史事實(shí)的前提下,通過(guò)一些邏輯思維的鋪墊,讓學(xué)生以自己現(xiàn)有的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)身于歷史的背景下,經(jīng)歷一次“發(fā)現(xiàn)”萬(wàn)有引力的過(guò)程,因此體驗(yàn)物理學(xué)研究問(wèn)題的方法就成為主要的教學(xué)目標(biāo)?!緦W(xué)情分析】在學(xué)太陽(yáng)對(duì)行星的引力之前,學(xué)生已經(jīng)對(duì)力、重力、向心力、加速度、重力加速度、向心加速度等概念有了較好的理解,并且掌握自由落體運(yùn)動(dòng)和圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)等運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律,能熟練運(yùn)用牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律解決動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題。已經(jīng)完全具備深入探究和學(xué)習(xí)萬(wàn)有引力定律的起點(diǎn)能力。所以在推導(dǎo)太陽(yáng)與行星運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律時(shí),教師可以要求學(xué)生自主地運(yùn)用原有的知識(shí)進(jìn)行推導(dǎo),并要求說(shuō)明每一步推理的理論依據(jù)是什么,教師僅在難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題上做適當(dāng)?shù)狞c(diǎn)撥。
世界能源問(wèn)題的解決途徑是什么?能源,是人類(lèi)敕以生存和進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的不可缺少的資源.近年來(lái),隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展和能源消費(fèi)的增長(zhǎng).能源問(wèn)題已被列為世界上研究的重大問(wèn)題之一.解決世界能源問(wèn)題的根本途徑,主要有兩個(gè)方面:其一是廣泛開(kāi)源,其二是認(rèn)真節(jié)流.所謂開(kāi)源,就是積極開(kāi)發(fā)和利用各種能源.在繼續(xù)加緊石油勘探和尋找新的石油產(chǎn)地的同時(shí),積極開(kāi)發(fā)豐富的煤炭資源,還要大力開(kāi)發(fā)水能,生物能等常規(guī)能源,加強(qiáng)核能、太陽(yáng)能,風(fēng)能、沼氣,海洋能,地?zé)崮芤约捌渌鞣N新能源的研究和利用,從而不斷擴(kuò)大人類(lèi)的能源資源的種類(lèi)和來(lái)源.所謂節(jié)流,就是要大力提倡節(jié)約能源.節(jié)能是世界上許多國(guó)家關(guān)心和研究的重要課題,甚至有人把節(jié)能稱為世界的“第五大能源”,與煤、石油和天然氣、水能、核能等并列.在節(jié)能方面,在有計(jì)劃地控制人口增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí),重點(diǎn)要發(fā)揮先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì),提高各國(guó)的能源利用效率.
1、教師先演示投影:把小鋼珠放在黑墨水瓶蓋里轉(zhuǎn)一下(內(nèi)有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)墨水),再放在半圓形有機(jī)玻璃軌道上運(yùn)動(dòng)并飛出,讓鋼珠在白紙上留下痕跡,同樣在3/5半圓周,4/5半圓周上運(yùn)動(dòng)飛出,讓學(xué)生猜測(cè)飛出方向由什么特點(diǎn)?(有機(jī)玻璃板說(shuō)明:厚約5毫米,略小于小鋼珠直徑,圓弧半徑15厘米,MN邊稍長(zhǎng)些,以便過(guò)MN做直線,根據(jù)半徑大小確定圓心O位置。)學(xué)生猜想:切線方向師:已知圓弧半徑為15厘米。如何驗(yàn)證?請(qǐng)用幾何方法作圖驗(yàn)證。生:標(biāo)出飛出點(diǎn)和圓心,做圓心和飛出點(diǎn)的連線,用量角尺量出該連線和飛出軌跡直線的夾角,是否90度。2、再分組實(shí)驗(yàn),提醒同桌配合,小心鋼珠滾跑。實(shí)驗(yàn)完畢,要求作圖驗(yàn)證,并互相討論交流。3、交流和結(jié)論:師:要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生得出正確的科學(xué)結(jié)論:“圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體的速度方向?yàn)樵擖c(diǎn)的切線方向”,而不能直接得出“曲線運(yùn)動(dòng)的的物體速度方向?yàn)樵擖c(diǎn)的切線方向”。
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