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人教版高中地理選修2我國的三大自然區(qū)教案
1、中國三大自然區(qū)的空間位置和基本特征。2、中國自然區(qū)域差異對人類活動的影響?！糁匾獔D釋圖1.1“三大自然區(qū)圖”三大自然區(qū)的界線（自然地理分界）：西北干旱半干旱區(qū)與東部季風(fēng)區(qū)之間大致以400mm等年降水量線為界，青藏高寒區(qū)與東部季風(fēng)區(qū)約以3000米等高線為界，青藏高寒區(qū)與西北干旱半干旱區(qū)以昆侖山——阿爾金山——祁連山為界?！緦W(xué)習(xí)策略】1、讀圖分析：通過讀圖、分析、歸納的方法，識記三大自然區(qū)的空間位置、相互界線，理解各自然地理要素的特征和空間分布規(guī)律。2、綜合訓(xùn)練：運(yùn)用空白地圖，將地理事物落實(shí)在圖上，并進(jìn)行比較分析、歸納整理，理解三大自然區(qū)的區(qū)域差異?！窘虒W(xué)內(nèi)容】一、三大自然區(qū)的劃分1．三大自然區(qū)的劃分依據(jù)（地貌、氣候的地域差異）
人教版高中地理選修2水土流失的治理教案
2、關(guān)于黃土高原小流域及其治理的敘述，正確的是()A.小流域不能看作是一個(gè)完整的地域單元B.小流域可以相當(dāng)于黃土高原上一條河流的整個(gè)流域C.小流域綜合治理的方針是“保塬、護(hù)坡、固溝“D.小流域的綜合治理只能采用農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)措施3、黃土高原植被遭到破壞的原因有()①營造宮殿，毀林開荒②修筑梯田，開石動土③開荒棄荒，輪荒作業(yè)④開露天礦，建隔離護(hù)壩⑤保塬護(hù)坡，打壩建庫⑥開挖原生地面，復(fù)墾采空礦區(qū)A.①②④B.①③⑤C.①③D.②④4、下列關(guān)于黃土高原的敘述，正確的是()A.水土流失不可治理B.人為因素是黃土高原現(xiàn)代水土流失的主導(dǎo)因素C.植樹種草是做好水土保持的基本前提D.開礦會加劇水土流失，故應(yīng)少開礦5、引起黃土高原水土流失最直接的因素是()A.降水集中于夏季且多暴雨B.黃土垂直節(jié)理發(fā)育C.地表崎嶇不平，千溝萬壑D.不合理開發(fā)造成地表黃土裸露，失去植被保護(hù)6、治理黃土高原水土流失的工程措施有()A.植樹造林B.平整土地C.修建水庫D.深耕改土
人教版高中地理選修5自然災(zāi)害與人類活動教案
（1）類型：常見的農(nóng)作物病害有：稻瘟病、小麥銹病、棉花枯萎病、煙草炭疽病等。常見的森林病害有：楊樹爛皮病、松皰銹病、溶葉病、泡桐叢枝病等。（2）病害發(fā)生的原因：A．氣候變異等造成的不良環(huán)境使得作物對病害抗性降低。B．外來病原體入侵也是病害流行的主要原因。（3）危害：病害使農(nóng)作物、樹木染病從而枯萎甚至死株，導(dǎo)致大面積農(nóng)田、森林被毀壞。2．蟲害和鼠害（1）蟲害的常見類型①常見的農(nóng)作物蟲害有：蝗蟲、黏蟲、水稻螟、棉鈴蟲等。其中危害最大的是蝗蟲。②常見的森林蟲害有松材線蟲、松毛蟲、楊樹蛀干害蟲、泡桐大袋蛾等。其中松材線蟲是世界上最具危險(xiǎn)性的森林蟲害，被列為國際、國內(nèi)重大檢疫對象。（2）鼠害及危害①重災(zāi)區(qū)：農(nóng)田、牧場及森林。②危害：害鼠啃食植株，在地下打洞，危害植物根系，使農(nóng)業(yè)減產(chǎn)，森林草地遭到破壞。（3）蟲、鼠害的特點(diǎn)：繁殖快、適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)（4）造成蟲害和鼠害流行的因素：①適宜繁殖的氣候條件、②自然或人為因素造成的天敵減少等，
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 4 Reading and thinking教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
【詞匯精講】highlight n.最好或最精彩的部分 vt.突出;強(qiáng)調(diào);使醒目One of the highlights of the trip was seeing the Taj Mahal.這次旅行的亮點(diǎn)之一是參觀泰姬陵。Your resume should highlight your skills and achievements.你的簡歷應(yīng)該突出你的技能和成就。The report highlights the major problems facing society today.報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)了當(dāng)今社會所面臨的主要問題。I’ve highlighted the important passages in yellow.我用黃色標(biāo)出了重要段落。7.Edmonton is freezing cold in winter,with daily temperatures averaging -10 ℃.埃德蒙頓冬季寒冷,日平均氣溫為-10°C。【詞匯精講】freezing adj.極冷的;冰凍的Leave a basin of water outside in freezing weather.在冰凍的天氣里,放一盆水在室外。It’s freezing cold outside so wear a warm coat.外面超冷的,所以穿一個(gè)暖和一點(diǎn)的外套吧。8.It was not until 9:30 a.m.that they finally reached the capital of Ontario,Toronto.直到上午9時(shí)30分,他們才終于到達(dá)多倫多的首府安大略省?！揪涫狡饰觥勘揪涫且粋€(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的時(shí)間狀語until 9:30。含有not...until...的句子的強(qiáng)調(diào)句為It is not until...that...,that后面的句子要用肯定形式。It was not until then that I suddenly realized nobody was happier than I was.直到那時(shí)我才突然意識到?jīng)]有人比我更幸福了。
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 3 Learning about Language教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
1. We'll need ten months at least to have the restaurant decorated.2.Some traditional Chinese dishes from before the Ming Dynasty are still popular today.3.My grandpa's breakfast mainly includes whole grain biscuits and a glass of milk.4.People in this area would eat nearly a kilo of cheese per week.5. We enjoyed a special dinner in a fancy restaurant where the waiters all wore attractive suits.6. He prefers this brand of coffee which, as he said, has an unusually good flavor.Key:1. at a minimum 2. prior to3. consist of4. consume5. elegant6. exceptionalStep 5：Familiarize yourself with some food idioms by matching the meaning on the right with the colored words on the left.1.Public concern for the health of farm animals has mushroomed in the UK2.Anderson may be young but he's certainly rolling to doing dough!3.George is a popular lecturer. He often peppers his speech with jokes.4.As the person to bring home the bacon, he needs to find a stable job.5 He is often regarded as a ham actor for his over emphasized facial expressions. The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato. 6.The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato.7.Don't worry about the test tomorrow. It's going to be a piece of cake!8. It's best to fold the swimming ring when it is as flat as a pancake.A. completely flatB. something that is very easy to do C.an issue that is hard to deal withD.to include large numbers of somethingE.to earn on e's living to support a familyF. wealthyG.to rapidly increase in numberH. an actor who performs badly, especially by over emphasizing emotions
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 2 Learning about Language教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
The activity theme of this section is to design various activities around the key words in the first text. Therefore, the activities require students to pay attention to the spelling of words. On the other hand, let students grasp the meaning of words more accurately through sentences and short texts. This kind of teaching design also helps to improve the ability of using English thinking.1. Cultivating students' ability to use word formation to induce and memorize vocabulary, and the ability to use lexical chunks to express meaning.2. Guide the students to think independently and use the correct form of words to complete sentences3. Cultivate students' habit of using lexical chunks to express language completely, guide students to draw words in sentences quickly, pay attention to word collocation, so as to accumulate more authentic expressions4. Instruct students to create sentences with the chunks.1. Enable students to use the language points in the real situation or specific contexts flexibly and appropriately.2. Guiding the Ss to use unit topic words and the sentence patterns in a richer context.Step1: Think of a word that best fits each definition.1. to remember sth2.to accept, admit, or recognize sth or the truth/existence of sth3. the process of changing sth or yourself to suit a new situation4 .to make sb feel less worried or unhappy5. a strong desire to achieve sth
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 2 Reading and thinking教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
Her tutor told her to acknowledge __________ other people had said if she cited their ideas, and advised her _______（read） lots of information in order to form __________wise opinion of her own.Now halfway __________ her exchange year, Xie Lei felt much more at home in the UK. She said __________ (engage) in British culture had helped and that she had been__________ (involve) in social activities. She also said while learning about business, she was acting as a cultural messenger __________（build） a bridge between the two countries. keys:Xie Lei, a 19yearold Chinese student, said goodbye to her family and friends in China and boarded (board) a plane for London six months ago in order to get a business qualification. She was ambitious(ambition) to set up a business after graduation. It was the first time that she had left (leave) home.At first, Xie Lei had to adapt to life in a different country. She chose to live with a host family, who can help with her adaptation (adapt) to the new culture. When she missed home, she felt comforted (comfort) to have a second family. Also Xie Lei had to satisfy academic requirements. Her tutor told her to acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas, and advised her to read lots of information in order to form a wise opinion of her own.Now halfway through her exchange year, Xie Lei felt much more at home in the UK. She said engaging (engage) in British culture had helped and that she had been involved (involve) in social activities. She also said while learning about business, she was acting as a cultural messenger building a bridge between the two countries.
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 3 Reading for writing教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
The theme of this part is to write an article about healthy diet. Through reading and writing activities, students can accumulate knowledge about healthy diet, deepen their understanding of the theme of healthy diet, and reflect on their own eating habits. This text describes the basic principles of healthy diet. The author uses data analysis, definition, comparison, examples and other methods. It also provides a demonstration of the use of conjunctions, which provides important information reference for students to complete the next collaborative task, writing skills, vivid language materials and expressions.1. Teach Ss to learn and skillfully use the new words learned from the text.2. Develop students’ ability to understand, extract and summarize information.3. Guide students to understand the theme of healthy diet and reflect on their own eating habits.4. To guide students to analyze and understand the reading discourse from the aspects of theme content, writing structure, language expression, etc., 5. Enable Ss to write in combination with relevant topics and opinions, and to talk about their eating habits.1. Guide students to analyze and understand the reading discourse from the aspects of theme content, writing structure, language expression, etc.2. Enable them to write in combination with relevant topics and opinions, and to talk about their eating habits.3. Guide the students to use the cohesive words correctly, strengthen the textual cohesion, and make the expression fluent and the thinking clear.Step1: Warming upbrainstorm some healthy eating habits.1.Eat slowly.2.Don’t eat too much fat or sugar.3.Eat healthy food.4.Have a balanced diet.Step2: Read the passage and then sum up the main idea of each paragraph.
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 2 Reading for writing教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
The theme of this section is to express people's views on studying abroad. With the continuous development of Chinese economic construction, especially the general improvement of people's living standards, the number of Chinese students studying abroad at their own expense is on the rise. Many students and parents turn their attention to the world and regard studying abroad as an effective way to improve their quality, broaden their horizons and master the world's advanced scientific knowledge, which is very important for the fever of going abroad. Studying abroad is also an important decision made by a family for their children. Therefore, it is of great social significance to discuss this issue. The theme of this section is the column discussion in the newspaper: the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. The discourse is about two parents' contribution letters on this issue. They respectively express their own positions. One thinks that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, and the other thinks that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The two parents' arguments are well founded and logical. It is worth noting that the two authors do not express their views on studying abroad from an individual point of view, but from a national or even global point of view. These two articles have the characteristics of both letters and argumentative essays1.Guide the students to read these two articles, and understand the author's point of view and argument ideas2.Help the students to summarize the structure and writing methods of argumentative writing, and guides students to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad3.Cultivate students' ability to analyze problems objectively, comprehensively and deeply
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 2 Using langauge-Listening教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
? B: Absolutely! Getting involved with Chinese cultural activities there definitely helped a lot. I got to practice my Chinese on a daily basis, and I could learn how native Chinese speakers spoke.? A: What do you feel is your biggest achievement?? B: Learning Chinese characters! I have learnt about 1,500 so far. When I first started, I didn't think it was even going to be possible to learn so many, but now I find that I can read signs, menus, and even some easy newspaper articles.? A: What are you most keen on?? B: I've really become keen on learning more about the Chinese culture, in particular Chinese calligraphy. As I have learnt Chinese characters, I have developed a great appreciation for their meaning. I want to explore Chinese characters by learning how to write them in a more beautiful way. ? A: Finally, what do you want to say to anyone interested in learning Chinese?? I have really become keen on learning more about the Chinese culture, in particular Chinese Calligraphy. As I have learnt Chinese character, I have developed a great appreciation for their meaning. I want to explore Chinese characters by learning how to write them in a more beautiful way.? A: Finally, what do you want to say to anyone interested in learning Chinese?? B: I'd say, give it a shot! While some aspects may be difficult, it is quite rewarding and you will be happy that you tried.? A: Thanks for your time. ? B:You're welcome.
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 3 Using langauge-Listening教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
1． How is Hunan cuisine somewhat different from Sichuan cuisine?The heat in Sichuan cuisine comes from chilies and Sichuan peppercorns. Human cuisine is often hotter and the heat comes from just chilies.2.What are the reasons why Hunan people like spicy food?Because they are a bold people. But many Chinese people think that hot food helps them overcome the effects of rainy or wet weather.3.Why do so many people love steamed fish head covered with chilies?People love it because the meat is quite tender and there are very few small bones.4.Why does Tingting recommend bridge tofu instead of dry pot duck with golden buns?Because bridge tofu has a lighter taste.5 .Why is red braised pork the most famous dish?Because Chairman Mao was from Hunan, and this was his favorite food.Step 5: Instruct students to make a short presentation to the class about your choice. Use the example and useful phrases below to help them.? In groups of three, discuss what types of restaurant you would like to take a foreign visitor to, and why. Then take turns role-playing taking your foreign guest to the restaurant you have chosen. One of you should act as the foreign guest, one as the Chinese host, and one as the waiter or waitress. You may start like this:? EXAMPLE? A: I really love spicy food, so what dish would you recommend?? B: I suggest Mapo tofu.? A: Really ? what's that?
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 4 Learning about Language教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
This section guides students to pay attention to the typical context of vocabulary use, helps students accumulate vocabulary around the key vocabulary of this unit, and uses the learned words and word chunks in different contexts to deeply understand their meaning and usage, so as to achieve the purpose of review and consolidation.The teaching design activities aim to guide students to pay attention to the typical context in which the target vocabulary is used, as well as the common vocabulary used in collocation, so that students can complete the sentence with correct words. In terms of vocabulary learning strategies, this unit focuses on cultivating students' ability to pay attention to collocation of words and to use word blocks to express meaning.For vocabulary learning, it is not enough just to know the meaning of a single word, but the most important thing is to master the common collocations of words, namely word blocks.Teachers should timely guide students to summarize common vocabulary collocation, such as verb and noun collocation, verb and preposition collocation, preposition and noun collocation, and so on.1. Guide students to understand and consolidate the meaning and usage of the vocabulary in the context, 2. Guide the students to use the unit topic vocabulary in a richer context3. Let the students sort out and accumulate the accumulated vocabulary, establishes the semantic connection between the vocabulary,4. Enable students to understand and master the vocabulary more effectivelyGuiding the Ss to use unit topic words and the sentence patterns in a richer context.
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 4 Reading for writing教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
假定你是英國的Jack，打算來中國旅行，請你給你的中國筆友李華寫一封信，要點(diǎn)如下：1．你的旅行計(jì)劃：北京→泰山→杭州；2．征求建議并詢問他是否愿意充當(dāng)你的導(dǎo)游。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右(開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù))；2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。參考詞匯：故宮 the Forbidden City；泰山 Mount TaiDear Li Hua，I'm glad to tell you that 'm going to visit China.First，I am planning to visit Beijing，the capitalof China，where I am looking forward to enjoying the Great Wall，the Forbidden City and somebeautiful parks.Then I intend to go to visit Mount Tai in Shandong Province.I've heard that it is one ofthe most famous mountains in China and I can't wait to enjoy the amazing sunrise there.After that，I amalso going to Hangzhou.It is said that it is a beautiful modern city with breathtaking natural sights，among which the West Lake is a well- known tourist attraction.What do you think of my travel plan? Will you act as my guide? Hope to hear from you soon.
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 4 Using langauge-Listening教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
The theme of the listening section is " talking about scenery and culture along a journey."The part is designed to further lead the students to understand Canadian natural geography and social environment, and integrated into the cultural contrast by mentioning the long train journey from Beijing to Moscow routes. On this basis, the part activates students related travel experience, lets the student serial dialogue, guides the student to explore further the pleasure and meaning of the long journey, and Chinese and foreign cultural comparison.The part also provides a framework for the continuation of the dialogue, which is designed to provide a framework for students to successfully complete their oral expressions, and to incorporate an important trading strategy to end the dialogue naturally.1. Help students to understand and master some common English idioms in the context, and experience the expression effect of English idioms.2. Guide the students to understand the identity of different people in the listening context, and finish the dialogue according to their own experience.3. Instruct the students to use appropriate language to express surprise and curiosity about space and place in the dialogue, and master the oral strategy of ending the dialogue naturally.1. Instruct students to grasp the key information and important details of the dialogue.2. Instruct students to conduct a similar talk on the relevant topic.
新人教版高中英語選修2Unit 5 First Aid-Discovering useful structures教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
You have no excuse for not going.你沒有理由不去。He was punished for not having finished his homework.他因未完成作業(yè)而受到懲罰。2．動詞ing形式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加動詞ing，即“sb./sb.'s＋doing”構(gòu)成。動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是給動詞ing形式加了一個(gè)邏輯主語。動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式：①形容詞性物主代詞＋動詞ing②名詞所有格＋動詞ing③代詞賓格＋動詞ing④名詞＋動詞ingHer coming to help encouraged all of us.她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.這個(gè)嬰兒被突然的關(guān)門聲吵醒了。Can you imagine him/Jack cooking at home?你能想象他/杰克在家做飯的樣子嗎？無生命名詞無論是作主語還是作賓語都不能用第②種形式。Tom's winning first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了一等獎(jiǎng)使我印象深刻。Do you mind my/me/Jack's/Jack leaving now?你介意我/杰克現(xiàn)在離開嗎？Excuse me for my not coming on time．很抱歉我沒能按時(shí)來。His father's being ill made him worried.他父親病了，他很擔(dān)心。We are looking forward to the singer's/the singer to give us a concert.我們盼望著這位歌手來給我們舉辦一場演唱會。
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 5 Languages Around the World-Reading and Thinking教案
【教材分析】本節(jié)課是高中英語第一冊的最后一個(gè)單元的閱讀和思考部分，文章難度明顯增加，體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：文章題材是說明文，比較難理解；話題生疏，涉及到歷史等知識；生詞量增大，而且在語境中理解詞匯的要求提高。面對這些，教師的難度和高度也要有所提升，通過探討說明順序，了解背景知識等幫助他們找到說明文閱讀的方法?！窘虒W(xué)目標(biāo)與核心素養(yǎng)】1. 文化意識目標(biāo)新課程中指出，文化意識是對中外文化的理解和對優(yōu)秀文化的認(rèn)同。文化意識的的培養(yǎng)有助于學(xué)生增加國家認(rèn)同和家國情懷，成為有文明素養(yǎng)和社會責(zé)任感的人。我們這個(gè)單元很好體現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)，通過了解漢字書寫的體系和發(fā)展，學(xué)生可以有一種文化自豪感，同時(shí)也能夠幫助學(xué)生深入挖掘這篇文章，從而想到更多和中國文化相關(guān)的方面。2. 學(xué)習(xí)能力目標(biāo)
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 5 Languages Around the World-Reading for Writing教案
Step 3: Read to sum upRead it again and sum up the problems of the three students, and then write down the advice that was given from others.Step 4: Work in pairs. List your learning problems in English and brainstorm some useful advice.Useful expressions ? I don't know how to…... Is a big difficulty for me. I cannot ...? You might try …. It's very important to…? I have no idea how/what .My biggest problem is .... ? I (also) have trouble with. My advice is …. This worked for me.? l cannot understand the teachers’ English in class.Step 5 Homework：為提高我校學(xué)生的英語口語水平，我們將舉辦英語演講比賽(English- speaking contest)，請你根據(jù)下面的信息，以學(xué)生會(the Students‘ Union)的名義寫一份海報(bào)，歡迎全校同學(xué)參加，屆時(shí)特邀本校美籍教師史密斯先生頒獎(jiǎng)。? 報(bào)名時(shí)間 9月30日以前(報(bào)名:signup)? 報(bào)名地點(diǎn) 學(xué)生會辦公室? 比賽時(shí)間 10月9日晚7:00~9:00? 比賽地點(diǎn) 學(xué)校大會議室? 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) 前8名
人教版高中地理選修1第一章第一節(jié)天體和天體系統(tǒng)教案
【概括】天體是在不斷的運(yùn)動著的。運(yùn)動著的天體互相吸引和互相繞轉(zhuǎn)，從而形成天體系統(tǒng)?！景鍟克?、天體系統(tǒng)【啟發(fā)】天體系統(tǒng)有大有小，大的天體系統(tǒng)又可包含許多小的天體系統(tǒng)。剛才同學(xué)們提到的三個(gè)天體系統(tǒng)之間是如何包含的呢？（銀河系含太陽系，太陽系含地月系）【掛圖講解】地月系只有兩個(gè)天體，地球和月球，它們之間的平均距離為384401千米；太陽系則包括太陽、九大行星、數(shù)十顆衛(wèi)星及其它天體，整個(gè)太陽系的直徑至少100億千米以上；而銀河系則擁有2000多億顆太陽恒星及恒星系統(tǒng)，包括了我 們用肉眼能看到的所有恒星，其主體部分的直徑達(dá)7萬光年，太陽就處于距銀河系中心2.3萬光年的位置上。【講解】銀河系已如此龐大，是否 就是最大的天體系統(tǒng)呢？是否就是我們的宇宙呢？還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是。利用天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡，我們可以觀測到在銀河系之外，還有約10億個(gè)類似的天體系統(tǒng)，它們被統(tǒng)稱為河外星系。
人教版高中地理選修1恒星的一生和宇宙的演化教案
①演示動畫，理解大爆炸宇宙論②主要觀點(diǎn)：? 大約150億年前，我們所處的宇宙全部以粒子的形式、極高的溫度、極大的密度，被擠壓在一個(gè)“原始火球”中。? 大爆炸使物質(zhì)四散出擊，宇宙空間不斷膨脹，溫度也相應(yīng)下降，后來相繼出現(xiàn)在宇宙中的所有星系、恒星、行星乃至生命。2、其它宇宙形成理¬——穩(wěn)定理論3、大膽猜測：宇宙的將來史蒂芬·霍金是英國物理學(xué)家，他提出的黑洞理論和宇宙無邊界的設(shè)想成了現(xiàn)代宇宙學(xué)的重要基石?；艚鸬挠钪鏌o邊界的設(shè)想是這樣的：第一，宇宙是無邊的。第二，宇宙不是一個(gè)可以任意賦予初始條件或邊界的一般系統(tǒng)。霍金預(yù)言宇宙有兩種結(jié)局：永遠(yuǎn)膨脹下去，不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大，我們將看到所有星系的星球老化、死亡，剩下我們孤零零的，在一片黑暗當(dāng)中。或者會塌縮而在大擠壓處終結(jié)科學(xué)巨人霍金：探索的精神）
人教版高中地理選修1第二章第二節(jié)月球和地月系教案
我們將三球儀中的月球放在地球和太陽之間時(shí)，對照“月相成因圖”，它的暗面完全對著地球，而被太陽照亮的一面正對著太陽，我們看不到月亮，這時(shí)正是農(nóng)歷初一，被稱為“新月”。又稱為“朔”。 過了新月，月亮被照亮的部分慢慢地轉(zhuǎn)向地球。當(dāng)它從太陽的光輝中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，便出現(xiàn)了一絲蛾眉的彎月，此時(shí)為農(nóng)歷的初三、初四，因其形似蛾眉，被稱為“蛾眉月”。此后，被太陽光照亮的部分越來越多地轉(zhuǎn)向地球，當(dāng)有一半亮面和一半暗面都對著地球時(shí)，明亮部分和黑暗部分的界線似乎像一張弓中沒有拉動的弦。此時(shí)是夏歷初七、初八，稱為“上弦月”。這時(shí)月亮很明亮，有時(shí)在白天也能看見。在往后，月亮明亮部分越來越增大，當(dāng)它轉(zhuǎn)到與新月正好相反時(shí)，被太陽照亮的部分全都對著地球，看起來月亮就似一輪圓月，此時(shí)正是 農(nóng)歷十五、十六、十七，稱為“滿月”，又稱為“望”。