在當(dāng)時(shí)雅典的公民大會(huì)和陪審法庭上,人們常常要發(fā)表意見,要和自己的對(duì)手辯論,雅典法庭規(guī)定每個(gè)公民須替自己辯護(hù),不許旁人代辯。所以出現(xiàn)了這樣一批專門教授人辯論、演說、修辭的技巧和參政知識(shí)的職業(yè)教師。①政治因素:雅典奴隸制民主政治發(fā)展到頂峰,成為希臘政治和文化中心。參與政治生活成為每個(gè)公民生活的重要內(nèi)容②古希臘工商業(yè)發(fā)展,奴隸制經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮(在廣大奴隸的勞動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)上,古希臘的經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展起來(lái),為哲學(xué)的成長(zhǎng)提供了物質(zhì)條件)——根本原因③人的地位的提高(民主政治制度和每個(gè)公民參與政治意識(shí)的加強(qiáng),使人的中心地位日益突出)最后教師強(qiáng)調(diào):提示并強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要注意理解“一定的文化是一定社會(huì)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)在觀念形態(tài)上的反映”。3、代表人物:普羅泰格拉4、研究領(lǐng)域:人和人類社會(huì)關(guān)注人與人之間的關(guān)系、社會(huì)組織、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和倫理規(guī)范
猜想:既然物體下落過程中的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況與物體質(zhì)量無(wú)關(guān),那么為什么在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,不同物體的落體運(yùn)動(dòng),下落快慢不同呢?我們能否猜想是由于空氣阻力的作用造成的呢?如果沒有空氣阻力將會(huì)怎樣呢?學(xué)生討論后回答.三、猜想與假說伽利略認(rèn)為,自由落體是一種最簡(jiǎn)單的變速運(yùn)動(dòng).他設(shè)想,最簡(jiǎn)單的變速運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度應(yīng)該是均勻變化的.但是,速度的變化怎樣才算均勻呢?他考慮了兩種可能:一種是速度的變化對(duì)時(shí)間來(lái)說是均勻的,即經(jīng)過相等的時(shí)間,速度的變化相等;另一種是速度的變化對(duì)位移來(lái)說是均勻的,即經(jīng)過相等的位移,速度的變化相等.伽利略假設(shè)第一種方式最簡(jiǎn)單,并把這種運(yùn)動(dòng)叫做勻變速運(yùn)動(dòng).四、實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證是檢驗(yàn)理論正確與否的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn).任何結(jié)論和猜想都必須經(jīng)過實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,否則不成理論.猜想或假說只有通過驗(yàn)證才會(huì)成為理論.所謂實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證就是任何人,在理論條件下去操作都能到得實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,它具有任意性,但不是無(wú)條件的,實(shí)驗(yàn)是在一定條件下的驗(yàn)證,而與實(shí)際有區(qū)別.
①自然經(jīng)濟(jì)的逐步解體;(西方列強(qiáng)的侵略)在給中華民族帶來(lái)沉重災(zāi)難的同時(shí),也不斷地沖擊著中國(guó)社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)方式和思想觀念,分解著中國(guó)自給自足的封建經(jīng)濟(jì)??陀^為民族工業(yè)的興起和發(fā)展提供了某些條件和可能。②清末至民國(guó)政府鼓勵(lì)興辦實(shí)業(yè);(歷屆政府的扶植)由于時(shí)代潮流的沖擊和鞏固統(tǒng)治的需要,清末至民國(guó)歷屆政府都鼓勵(lì)興辦實(shí)業(yè)。③反帝愛國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng)。(反帝愛國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng))中國(guó)人民反帝愛國(guó)熱情不斷高漲,使“實(shí)業(yè)救國(guó)”具有日益廣泛的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ),特別是抵制洋貨、提倡國(guó)貨運(yùn)動(dòng)不斷興起,有力推動(dòng)民族工業(yè)的發(fā)展④實(shí)業(yè)家自強(qiáng)不息的愛國(guó)精神。(實(shí)業(yè)家們自強(qiáng)不息的愛國(guó)精神)是支撐民族工業(yè)曲折發(fā)展的動(dòng)力和力量的源泉。本課小結(jié):扼要回顧民族工業(yè)的曲折發(fā)展歷程,進(jìn)而啟導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究影響其發(fā)展的因素,最后分析其歷史地位。中國(guó)民族資本主義的發(fā)展在中國(guó)近代史上具有重要的歷史地位,對(duì)近代中國(guó)歷史和社會(huì)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大影響。
在美國(guó)歷史上,很少有像胡佛那樣受到老百姓諷刺、憎惡的總統(tǒng)。用破鐵罐、紙板和粗麻布搭起來(lái)的棚戶叫做“胡佛村”,手里提著的裝破爛的口袋叫做“胡佛袋”,鄉(xiāng)下的貧民把破汽車前部鋸掉,套上骨瘦如柴的騾子,叫做“胡佛車” ,在公園長(zhǎng)凳上躺著過夜的人用舊報(bào)紙裹身取暖,叫做“胡佛毯”,衣袋翻過來(lái),一個(gè)錢也找不到,叫做“胡佛旗”,野兔被饑餓的農(nóng)民抓來(lái)吃,叫做“胡佛豬”。雜耍演員插科打諢說:“什么?生意好起來(lái)了嗎,你的意思是說胡佛死了吧?!薄锝虒W(xué)反思:本課內(nèi)容比較條理清楚,旨在說明羅斯福新政實(shí)施的背景。備課時(shí)考慮將課文順序進(jìn)行一下調(diào)整,使學(xué)生能從較直觀的危機(jī)的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)入本課,較易激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,再來(lái)分析原因?qū)W生也就比較容易接受。在分析原因時(shí)通過材料和課文的閱讀,使學(xué)生自己通過思考逐步得出結(jié)論。而關(guān)于胡佛政府的措施的講述,及問題的提出則可讓學(xué)生先進(jìn)行預(yù)習(xí),為下一課進(jìn)入羅斯福新政的學(xué)習(xí)做好準(zhǔn)備。多媒體課件的應(yīng)用也能使教學(xué)活動(dòng)順利流暢的進(jìn)行。
②其他貨幣與美元掛鉤:即各會(huì)員國(guó)貨幣對(duì)美元的匯率按各自貨幣的含金量與美元確定固定比價(jià)。各國(guó)貨幣與美元的匯率可按各國(guó)貨幣含金量與美元含金量之比來(lái)確定,這稱為法定匯率。例如,1946年一英鎊的含金量為3.58134克,一美元的含金量為0.888671克,則英鎊和美元的含金量之比1英鎊=4.03美元就是法定匯率。這一規(guī)定,使美元等同于黃金,美元從此有了“美金”的說法;與美元比起來(lái),其他國(guó)家的貨幣處于從屬地位,確立了美元在國(guó)際貨幣體系中的中心地位、主導(dǎo)地位正如當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)福勒所說:“各個(gè)行星圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn),各國(guó)貨幣圍繞著美元轉(zhuǎn)?!毙〗Y(jié): “布雷頓森林體系”是一個(gè)以美元為中心的世界貨幣體系,美國(guó)通過布雷頓森林體系,掌握了資本主義世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈。(2)影響:①為世界貨幣關(guān)系提供了統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和基礎(chǔ),有利于維持戰(zhàn)后世界貨幣體系的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。
這兩章是對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)場(chǎng)面的描寫。寫的是戰(zhàn)車、戰(zhàn)馬、象弭、魚服以及士兵的勞累奔波、饑渴難當(dāng),通過這些具體生動(dòng)的細(xì)節(jié)描寫來(lái)展現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)生活的圖景。而沒有寫戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的刀光劍影、廝打拼殺,但戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的殘酷已可想見。4“昔我往矣,楊柳依依。今我來(lái)思,雨雪霏霏”被視為情景交融的佳句。清人王夫之在論《詩(shī)經(jīng)·小雅·采薇》這兩句時(shí)說:“以樂景寫哀,以哀景寫樂,一倍增其哀樂?!闭?wù)勀愕目捶?。一以往昔之虛襯眼前之實(shí),以出征之樂襯內(nèi)心之思親之悲痛;二“楊柳依依”與“雨雪霏霏”對(duì)比,突出不勝今昔之感;三大雪交加,饑渴難當(dāng),情境實(shí)悲,以哀景寫哀情。四、交流延伸1寫一首詩(shī)或一段文字表達(dá)你對(duì)“鄉(xiāng)愁”的新的體驗(yàn)。在全班交流。2課后搜集更多的表現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)情的詩(shī)歌散文作品,將你最感動(dòng)的一篇拿到班上與同學(xué)分享感受。
一個(gè)世紀(jì)前,一位了不起的美國(guó)人簽署了奴隸解放宣言,而我們今天就站在他的塑像下面。對(duì)于千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)身受不公正待遇之苦的黑奴來(lái)說,這份劃時(shí)代的文件,是一座光芒萬(wàn)丈的希望燈塔,是結(jié)束他們被束縛之漫漫長(zhǎng)夜的快樂黎明。我有一個(gè)夢(mèng),有朝一日在喬治亞州的丘陵地帶,奴隸的后代與奴隸主的后代,將能夠兄弟般地相處。我有一個(gè)夢(mèng),有朝一日甚至密西西比州,這個(gè)充滿不平與壓迫的州,將轉(zhuǎn)化成一片自由與公正的綠洲。我有一個(gè)夢(mèng),我的四個(gè)孩子,有朝一日將可以生活在這樣一個(gè)國(guó)度里:在此人們不是根據(jù)他們的膚色,而是根據(jù)他們的品行來(lái)衡量他們。我今天有一個(gè)夢(mèng)!我有一個(gè)夢(mèng),有朝一日在阿拉巴馬州,盡管目前有許多惡毒的種族主義者,盡管州長(zhǎng)叫嚷著要與聯(lián)邦政府對(duì)抗,有朝一日在阿拉巴馬州,黑人孩子與白人孩子將會(huì)像兄弟姊妹那樣親密無(wú)間。
全班齊讀第五段內(nèi)容。請(qǐng)一位同學(xué)分析,接著讓這位同學(xué)按他分析的讀一遍。3、4兩自然段的平緩之后,第5段作者的情感再次抬升。為了滿足這種情感的張揚(yáng),作一口氣連用了四個(gè)排比句式“現(xiàn)在是……時(shí)候”,一方面這是情感發(fā)泄的需要,另一方面這種排山倒海的語(yǔ)勢(shì)也加強(qiáng)了內(nèi)容的表達(dá),極強(qiáng)地突出了現(xiàn)實(shí)為自由、平等而戰(zhàn)的重要性。四、學(xué)會(huì)演講我們剛才細(xì)讀了課文,但讀和講是有區(qū)別的。所謂演講,是一門語(yǔ)言藝術(shù),它的主要形式是“講”,即運(yùn)用有聲語(yǔ)言并追求言辭的表現(xiàn)力和聲音的感染力;同時(shí)還要輔之以“演”,即運(yùn)用面部表情、手勢(shì)動(dòng)作、身體姿態(tài)乃至一切可以理解的態(tài)勢(shì)語(yǔ)言,使講話“藝術(shù)化”起來(lái),從而產(chǎn)生一種非凡的藝術(shù)魅力。那么,接下來(lái)就假設(shè)一下假如你是馬丁·路德·金,你會(huì)怎樣去講這篇演講辭。
【教學(xué)設(shè)想】一、選題設(shè)想《巴黎圣母院》是雨果的代表作,無(wú)論從思想內(nèi)容還是藝術(shù)風(fēng)格都有明顯的浪漫主義特征:奇異曲折、扣人心弦的故事情節(jié);妙趣橫生、別出心裁的奇遇巧合;強(qiáng)烈鮮明的美丑、善惡對(duì)比;豐富生動(dòng)、珠璣迸發(fā)、富有哲理意味的語(yǔ)言。通過導(dǎo)讀,來(lái)消除學(xué)生對(duì)外國(guó)名著的畏難情緒,增加學(xué)生課外閱讀的興趣和信心;讓學(xué)生整體把握作品,窺一斑而識(shí)全豹,讓學(xué)生高屋建瓴,了解其旨意,以極為精確而又充滿意蘊(yùn)的文字,對(duì)名著的概述及精要部分做了介紹;引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主探究,交流合作,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的獨(dú)立思考的學(xué)習(xí)慣,指點(diǎn)進(jìn)行名著閱讀的門徑。作為導(dǎo)讀課,教師應(yīng)注意不可“越位”,在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的過程中,教師的“導(dǎo)”固然重要,學(xué)生的“讀”更不可或缺,應(yīng)避免以“導(dǎo)讀”來(lái)代替名著閱讀。因此,《巴黎圣母院》的教學(xué)定位為基于課內(nèi),面向課外,以求達(dá)到以學(xué)帶讀,以讀促學(xué)的目的。
教學(xué)過程:一、導(dǎo)語(yǔ)毛澤東在《沁園春雪》俯視封建君王“惜秦皇漢武。。。只識(shí)彎弓射大雕?!钡绻麣v史上只有一個(gè)人可以與他相提并論,這個(gè)人只能是魏武帝曹操?!皾L滾長(zhǎng)江東逝水,浪花淘盡英雄。是非成敗轉(zhuǎn)頭空,青山依舊在,幾度夕陽(yáng)紅?!保ā度龂?guó)演義》卷首詞)在歷史的大浪淘沙中,有多少英雄能夠經(jīng)得起歷史的千淘萬(wàn)漉而流芳百世呢?曹操應(yīng)該是三國(guó)時(shí)代留下了濃重一筆的人物。老師總結(jié),并啟發(fā)他們?nèi)ヂ?lián)系:我們學(xué)過他的《觀滄?!贰皷|臨碣石,以觀滄?!边€有《龜雖壽》“神龜雖壽,猷有竟時(shí)。老驥伏櫪,志在千里;烈士暮年,壯心不已?!薄肚嗝分鬄⒄撚⑿邸分性退娺^,《三國(guó)演義》電視劇播出后,大家和他也就頻頻見面了?!度龂?guó)演義》第48回“宴長(zhǎng)江曹操賦詩(shī)”中,赤壁之戰(zhàn)前夕,曹操和眾部將一起狂飲,他四顧空闊,心中大喜,與諸將講述自己希望收服江南的雄心壯志。
This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.
2.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作(該動(dòng)作在說話的瞬間未必正在進(jìn)行)。Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.(說話時(shí),并不一定正在進(jìn)行)3.表示一種經(jīng)常性的被動(dòng)行為,常和always,constantly 等表示頻度的副詞連用,這種用法常常帶有贊揚(yáng)或厭惡的感情色彩。He is always being praised by the leader.4.表示按計(jì)劃或安排主語(yǔ)將要承受謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作(僅限于少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞)。A party is being held tonight.Step 4 Special cases1.像take care of, look after, talk about, think of等動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 其中的介詞不可省略。The ways to stop illegally hunting are being talked about. 2.可與部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,表示對(duì)正在發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)。She may be being punished by her mother.3.有時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。A celebration is being held this weekend for his success.4.某些表示“狀態(tài)、心理活動(dòng)、存在”等的動(dòng)詞,如have,want,need,love,一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。With the population increasing,more land is needed.5.“be+under/in+n.”可表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)意義。My computer is under repair.=My computer is being repaired.
The activity topic of this section is "report an ongoing event", and the structure is the passive voice of present continuous tense. Rare wild animals are suffering from large-scale poaching, and species are on the brink of danger. Rescue operations are underway. "Being" and "suffering" are the meanings of the present progressive passive voice.The usage of present progressive passive voice is of great importance in writing a good discourse and appreciating some difficult language items, so it is vital to master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Motivate Ss to deepen the understanding of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a fixed context.2. Enable Ss to master the usage of present progressive passive voice and use it flexibly in a context.3. Lead Ss to construct sentences or appreciate sentences used master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper usage of present progressive passive voice.Look at the picture and tell me what are workers doing? What is the house being done?
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.” Due to the continuous deterioration of the living environment, a large number of wild animals are always facing the threat of endangered or extinction. Listening and speaking period enables students to understand the fact and reason why wild species are disappearing from the earth at an amazing speed, and realize that human beings ought to enhance the awareness of protecting wild species as soon as possible.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of " how to help wildlife in Ss’ neighborhood.". Now there are many volunteers who spontaneously protect wild animals, carry out various activities according to local conditions, and contribute their own strength to local animal protection with practical actions. Middle school students are also enthusiastic participants. They organize activities in their spare time, and take this opportunity to make friends, broaden their horizons, cultivate team spirit and communication skills. This section describes a bird watching activity organized by several middle school students of Bird watching Club. It aims to stimulate students' interest, improve their understanding of bird watching activities, and use the language structure of “being used for; in order to, so as to, to, so that, in order that ” to express the purpose for communication and discussion.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of using visuals to predict content.2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I am concerned about…” “what do you know about the endangered animals in…" and so on to talk about one of the endangered animals.
This lesson is about wildlife protection. The listening and speaking is about “How to protect endangered wildlife ?” Faced with the facts and numbers of wildlife loss, people begin to detect the reasons, then people such as the celebrities (Prince William and Yao Ming) are calling on to protect them. So students are guided to enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife and try to take part in some volunteer activities of protecting wildlife.1. Predict the content by using visuals. 2. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?3. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.4. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.5. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.1. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.2. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.3. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?4. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.Part A Listening and Speaking--- How to save endangered wildlifeStep 1 Lead in1. Point at the pictures on P14 and ask Q1: What message do these posters share?
The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
1. 標(biāo)題首先根據(jù)海報(bào)的特點(diǎn)、格式寫明標(biāo)題。海報(bào)中往往把內(nèi)容作為大標(biāo)題。例如: Save the earth, Save the birds。2. 正文部分不同的海報(bào)其正文部分的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。對(duì)于介紹性的海報(bào), 首先要引出話題, 其次列出原因, 最后是總結(jié)。對(duì)于宣傳類的海報(bào), 要寫明具體內(nèi)容, 如: 活動(dòng)內(nèi)容, 地點(diǎn)以及參加活動(dòng)的注意事項(xiàng), 主持或舉辦單位等。1. 圖片: 要選擇引人注目的圖片, 與主題要相關(guān), 色彩明亮。話題句式 1. It is a treasure of our country. 它是我國(guó)的國(guó)寶。2. Believe it or not, at present only several thousand pandas exist in the world. 信不信由你, 目前世界上僅現(xiàn)存幾千只熊貓。 3.It’s because of human activities that tigers are endangered. 正是因?yàn)槿祟惖幕顒?dòng), 老虎處于瀕危的狀態(tài)。4. Many wild animals are in danger of dying out. 很多野生動(dòng)物面臨著滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。 5. The government has taken effective measures to protect them. 政府已采取有效的措施來(lái)保護(hù)它們。6. People should raise the awareness of the protection of wild animals. 人們應(yīng)該提高保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物的意識(shí)。 7. It’s amazing that there are merely less than 1, 000 finless porpoises living in China. 非常令人吃驚, 目前中國(guó)僅有不足1 000只江豚。
1.用CAI課件模擬汽車的啟動(dòng)過程。師生共同討論:①如果作用在物體上的力為恒力,且物體以勻速運(yùn)動(dòng),則力對(duì)物體做功的功率保持不變。此情況下,任意一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的平均功率與任一瞬時(shí)的瞬時(shí)功率都是相同的。②很多動(dòng)力機(jī)器通常有一個(gè)額定功率,且通常使其在額定功率狀態(tài)工作(如汽車),根據(jù)P=FV可知:當(dāng)路面阻力較小時(shí),牽引力也小,速度大,即汽車可以跑得快些;當(dāng)路面阻力較大,或爬坡時(shí),需要比較大的牽引力,速度必須小。這就是爬坡時(shí)汽車換低速擋的道理。③如果動(dòng)力機(jī)器在實(shí)際功率小于額定功率的條件下工作,例如汽車剛剛起動(dòng)后的一段時(shí)間內(nèi),速度逐漸增大過程中,牽引力仍可增大,即F和v可以同時(shí)增大,但是這一情況應(yīng)以二者乘積等于額定功率為限度,即當(dāng)實(shí)際功率大于額定功率以后,這種情況不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
(五)平拋運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律的應(yīng)用例1:一架老式飛機(jī)在高出海面45m的高處,以80m/s的速度水平飛行,為了使飛機(jī)上投下的炸彈落在停在海面上的敵船,應(yīng)該在與轟炸目標(biāo)的水平距離為多遠(yuǎn)的地方投彈?不計(jì)空氣阻力。分析:對(duì)于這道題我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮:(1)從水平飛行的飛機(jī)上投下的炸彈,做什么運(yùn)動(dòng)?為什么?(2)炸彈的這種運(yùn)動(dòng)可分解為哪兩個(gè)什么樣的分運(yùn)動(dòng)?3)要想使炸彈投到指定的目標(biāo)處,你認(rèn)為炸彈落地前在水平方向通過的距離與投彈時(shí)飛機(jī)離目標(biāo)的水平距離之間有什么關(guān)系?拓展:1、式飛機(jī)在高出海面45m的高處,以80m/s的速度水平飛行,尾追一艘以15m/s逃逸的敵船,為了使飛機(jī)上投下的炸彈正好擊中敵船,應(yīng)該在與轟炸目標(biāo)的水平距離為多遠(yuǎn)的地方投彈?不計(jì)空氣阻力。2、在一次摩托車跨越壕溝的表演中,摩托車從壕溝的一側(cè)以速度v=40m/s沿水平方向向另一側(cè),壕溝兩側(cè)的高度及寬度如圖所示,摩托車可看做質(zhì)點(diǎn),不計(jì)空氣阻力。(1)判斷摩托車能否跨越壕溝?請(qǐng)計(jì)算說明(2)若能跨過,求落地速度?
3.進(jìn)一步體會(huì)力是產(chǎn)生加速度的原因,并通過牛頓第二定律來(lái)理解勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)、變速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)及一般曲線運(yùn)動(dòng)的各自特點(diǎn)。(三)、情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀1.在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生動(dòng)手、探究的習(xí)慣。2.體會(huì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的意義,感受成功的快樂,激發(fā)學(xué)生探究問題的熱情、樂于學(xué)習(xí)的品質(zhì)。教學(xué)重點(diǎn)1.體會(huì)牛頓第二定律在向心力上的應(yīng)用。2.明確向心力的意義、作用、公式及其變形,并經(jīng)行計(jì)算。教學(xué)難點(diǎn)1.對(duì)向心力的理解及來(lái)源的尋找。2.運(yùn)用向心力、向心加速度的知識(shí)解決圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)問題。教學(xué)過程(一)、 引入新課:復(fù)習(xí)提問:勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體的加速度——向心加速度,它的方向和大小有何特點(diǎn)呢?學(xué)生回答后進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo):那做勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的受力有什么特點(diǎn)呢?是什么力使物體做圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)而不沿直線飛出?請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先閱讀教材