2.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作(該動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話的瞬間未必正在進(jìn)行)。Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.(說(shuō)話時(shí),并不一定正在進(jìn)行)3.表示一種經(jīng)常性的被動(dòng)行為,常和always,constantly 等表示頻度的副詞連用,這種用法常常帶有贊揚(yáng)或厭惡的感情色彩。He is always being praised by the leader.4.表示按計(jì)劃或安排主語(yǔ)將要承受謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作(僅限于少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞)。A party is being held tonight.Step 4 Special cases1.像take care of, look after, talk about, think of等動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 其中的介詞不可省略。The ways to stop illegally hunting are being talked about. 2.可與部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,表示對(duì)正在發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)。She may be being punished by her mother.3.有時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。A celebration is being held this weekend for his success.4.某些表示“狀態(tài)、心理活動(dòng)、存在”等的動(dòng)詞,如have,want,need,love,一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。With the population increasing,more land is needed.5.“be+under/in+n.”可表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)意義。My computer is under repair.=My computer is being repaired.
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “The Present Perfect Passive Voice.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the Present Perfect Passive Voice. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar。This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the Present Perfect Passive Voice2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the Present Perfect Passive Voice flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the Present Perfect Passive Voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper the Present Perfect Passive Voice.觀察下列句子特點(diǎn),總結(jié)共同點(diǎn)。1.(教材P28)Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.2.(教材P28)But the Internet has done much more for people than simply make life more convenient.3.(教材P28)Many people have been helped by the club.4.(教材P28)She no longer feels lonely, and her company has become quite successful.5.(教材P32)Today I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times—how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences on the Internet?
From the pictures in the text and the title--- choose the best app, we can know that this part is about how to save money by using apps.Step 2 While-listening1. Laura and Xiao Bo are talking about apps. Listen to their conversation and find out what apps they want.Xiao Bo is looking for a(n) exercise app to help him get in shape.Laura would like an app for getting rich and another that will make her grades better.2. Listen again. Are the sentences true T or false F?1). Both of Xiao Bo's apps keep track of the steps he takes._____2). Xiao Bo's second app can help him make a fitness plan._____3). Laura needs an app that will help her get discounts.______4). Laura needs an app that will add money to her bank account._______F T F T3. Listen once more and tick the sentence you hear. Underline the words used to express predictions, guesses, and beliefs.Predictions, Guesses, and Beliefs________It might help me walk more.________My guess is that it wouldn't work.________I imagine this app would help me get fit faster________I suppose that would be good.________I guess you could save a little with this app.________I suppose there would be some problems, too.________I believe this app could help me get thinner.
Q5:What's Jan's next goal?Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money for children in poor countries.Q6:What can we learn from her experiences?We learn that when we go through tough times, we can find help and support from other people online. We learn that we can feel less lonelyStep 5: While reading---rethinkingQ1: What is Jan’s attitude to the Internet ?Thankful/Grateful, because it has changed her and her life.Q2: What writing skills is used in the article ?Examples(Jan’s example, the 59-year-old man’s and the 61-year-old woman’s example)Q3: Can you get the main idea of the article ?The Internet has changed Jan’s life/Jan’s life has been changed by the Internet.Step 6 Post reading---Retell the storyMuch has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web. There are countless articles (1)telling(tell) us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient. But the Internet has done a lot (2)more(much) for people than simply make life more convenient. People’s lives (3) have been changed(change) by online communities and social networks so far. Take Jan for example, who developed a serious illness that made her (4)stuck(stick) at home with only her computer to keep (5)her(she) company. She joined an online group (6)where she could share problems, support and advice with others. She considered the ability to remove the distance between people as one of the greatest (7)benefits(benefit). She was so inspired (8)that she started an IT club in which many people have been helped. She has started to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society better. Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money (9)for children in poor countries. Jan’s life has been (10)greatly(great) improved by the Internet.
8. However, the more polite you are, the less likely it is you will be attacked. 然而, 你越有禮貌, 你被攻擊的可能性就越小。 Step 8 Writing---the articleHow to stay safe in the online chat roomToday I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times--- how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences in the online chat room ? I’m not an expert, but many years as a blogger have taught me a thing or two.First of all, there’s the golden rule of the Internet: keep out of what makes you uneasy. Don’t post comments or click on anything. Second, protect your privacy. Don’t give out too much private information like your address, phone numbers, the ID numbers, etc. Third, be polite. If you are polite to others on the Internet, you won’t be attacked in normal situation. Finally, don’t believe in others easily and never meet someone you met online alone. It is very dangerous.Have you had any bad experiences online, or do you have some good advice for staying safe? Post your comments below!Step 9 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Does the writer tell the reader what he/she know about the topic ?2. Are the tips and suggestions well organised ?3. Has the writer defined the new words ?4. Does the author include examples, comparison, or explanations ?5. Does the writer end by asking readers to leave comments and/or suggestions ?6. Can you find any grammar or spelling mistakes.Step 6 HomeworkPut up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar: The past participle is used as attributive and objective complement.1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the past participle used as attributive and objective complement flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.2. Instruct students to write essays using the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.Step1:溫故而知新。Analyze the underlined phrases and then sum up the common usages of the past participles.1.(教材P41)They had castles built(build) all around England, and made changes to the legal system.2.(教材P42)They use the same flag, known(know) as the Union Jack,...3.(教材P42)Judy and I had our car parked(park) in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery charged(charge).Common points: f the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.Step 2:過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的意義1.及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),在語(yǔ)態(tài)上表示被動(dòng);在時(shí)間上,常表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成,有時(shí)也不表示時(shí)間性。Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a satisfied smile at last.我們的老師看著我們做實(shí)驗(yàn),最后給了我們一個(gè)滿意的微笑。The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.會(huì)上提出的計(jì)劃將很快被執(zhí)行。2.不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),它不表示被動(dòng)意義,只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成。Many little kids like gathering fallen leaves in the yard.
Step 5 While reading---Task 3Read the text again and answer the following questions.Q1: How many countries does the UK consist of ?4 Q2: What are the four countries of the United Kingdom?England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland Q3: Which two were the first to be joined together ?England and WalesQ4: What are the two chief advantages of studying the history of a country ?The first one is to help you understand more about the country and its traditions.The second one is to make visiting it more enjoyable.Q5: What’s the author’s attitude towards studying the history ?Supportive/positiveStep 6 Post reading---Retell the textThe United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England—many people are confused by (1)_____ these different names mean. In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales (2) __________(join) to the Kingdom of England. In the 19 th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, the southern part of Ireland (3) ______ (break) away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today. However, most people just use the (4)_________(shorten) name: the UK. The four countries (5)__________ belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. There were four sets of invaders and the last group were the Normans. They had castles (6)_________(build) all around England and made changes (7)__________ the legal system. Studying the history of the country will make your visit much more (8)_________(enjoy). The capital city London is (9)___ ancient port city that has a history (10)______(date) back to Roman times. 1. what 2.was joined 3.broke 4.shortened 5.that 6. built 7.to 8.enjoyable 9.an 10.dating Step 6 Homework
1. Get basic information about Eric; read deeply to understand the history and development of the virtual choir.2. Understand what the function of the virtual choir is and how to make a virtual choir.3. Understand the meaning of some languages in the context of the text through question guidance, such as “Many people do not have close friends or contacts who have the same interest in music.” and so on.Step 1 Leading-in1. Answer the following questions.Q1:Do you know the Apps like Tik Tok and Quick Hand?Q2: Do you want to make a Tik Tok video or a Quick Hand video?2. Play a Tik Tok video Step 2: Understanding the title Q1:What does the title mean ?Q2: Is the article a narration or exposition? Why? Q3: Can you change the title ? If you can, what is the title?Step 3: Scanning the whole text and getting the basic information1. Answer the following questions.Q1:Who came up with the idea for a virtual choir?Q2: Where did Eric studied the musical composition?Q3: What is his song?2. Find the main idea of each paragraph3. Deal with some new words.Step 4: Reading carefully to get detailed informationPara 1 How to make a virtual choir1. PreparationA. tools: a virtual camera; an Internet connectionB. hero/heroin: friends or some individuals who have the same interests2. Process
The Internet celebrity Gao Yifeng. Years ago, he owned 5 companies and the staffs over 1,000, but during the economy crisis, he became nothing but debt. He was so worried that his hair became white overnight. There was a time when he wanted to killed himself. But after listening to the song Start Over by Liu Huan, he decided to cheer himself up. He started a steamed bun shop and gradually became a national chain shops. Now he became successful again.Walter Haddon said, “Music is the medicine of a troubled mind.” Music contains such a pleasant and inspiring force. Music gave him courage and bravery. When he listened to the song, it made his spirit fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave him strength and brought him relief. It was the rock I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times. I hope none of us have to go through the same kind of suffering that he did. At the same time, we all go through various periods when we feel sad or alone. During those times, music can help us in the same way that it helped him. I hope we all will somehow begin to treasure music and make it a part of our life. Thank you for your listening !5.Revise your writing each other.Does he/she explain how music has changed his/her/someone else’s life?Are some of the rhetorical devices included and used properly ?Does he/she talk about how music makes him/her/someone feel?Is the first word in each sentences capitalised?Does he/she use correct punctuation ?
“如果你是一滴水,你是否滋潤(rùn)了一寸土地?如果你是一縷陽(yáng)光,你是否照亮了一分黑暗?如果你是一顆最小的螺絲釘,你是否永遠(yuǎn)守在你的崗位上。。。。。。這,就是雷鋒日記里最令人感慨萬(wàn)千的一段話。它揭示了雷鋒精神的精髓——那就是付出,默默無(wú)聞地付出!那就是奉獻(xiàn),不求回報(bào)的奉獻(xiàn)!那就是努力,不遺余力的努力!雖然雷鋒已離開(kāi)了我們,可是他那全心全意為人民服務(wù)的崇高理想;他那刻苦鉆研,堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì);他那敬業(yè)愛(ài)崗,恪盡職守的工作態(tài)度,是值得我們永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的,向雷鋒同志學(xué)習(xí)將是一個(gè)永恒的主題。在我們校園里,也有很多具有雷鋒精神的好同學(xué)。那些拾金不昧的同學(xué);那些在班級(jí)勞動(dòng)中臟活搶著干的同學(xué);那些看到地上有垃圾自覺(jué)撿起來(lái)的同學(xué);那些認(rèn)真刻苦學(xué)習(xí)的同學(xué);那些主動(dòng)幫助有困難之人的同學(xué)……他們不都是雷鋒精神在我們實(shí)現(xiàn)生活中的體現(xiàn)嗎?
第二學(xué)期開(kāi)學(xué)安全第一課(國(guó)旗下講話)老師同學(xué)們:大家好!今天是新學(xué)期的第一天,我們懷著激動(dòng)的心情,邁著矯健的步伐回到學(xué)校,迎接新學(xué)期的挑戰(zhàn)。今天我將利用一節(jié)課的時(shí)間圍繞“安全”這個(gè)話題和大家談起。因?yàn)榘踩俏覀兛鞓?lè)學(xué)習(xí)與生活的前提,是我們每一個(gè)人的心愿。在此,我向全體同學(xué)提出以下建議,讓我們行動(dòng)起來(lái),為安全而努力,讓安全與我們同行。同學(xué)們,生命只有一次、健康不能重來(lái)。生命安全就掌握在我們自己手中。安全不僅關(guān)系我們個(gè)人、更關(guān)系到我們身后的家庭、學(xué)校、整個(gè)社會(huì)和整個(gè)國(guó)家。珍愛(ài)生命,增強(qiáng)安全意識(shí),讓快樂(lè)與幸福伴隨我們的童年。今天我與同學(xué)們一起交流幾個(gè)方面的安全問(wèn)題。一、交通安全1、要遵守交通法規(guī),基本常識(shí)有:行人靠右行,不闖紅燈,不跨越護(hù)欄,橫穿公路時(shí)要左顧右盼看是否有車輛經(jīng)過(guò),不脫把騎車,不騎“英雄”車,不跳車,不扒車。2、十二周歲以下的學(xué)生不準(zhǔn)騎自行車。3、不乘坐黑車,因?yàn)楹谲囀恰叭裏o(wú)”車,有諸多不安全系數(shù),出了安全問(wèn)題,費(fèi)用難以保證,更談不上賠償。
親愛(ài)的龍娃們:自主設(shè)計(jì)的幸福作業(yè)、豐富多彩的寒假活動(dòng)、大膽創(chuàng)新的自信展示,注定讓我們龍小的開(kāi)學(xué)非同一般??v觀整個(gè)常州學(xué)校的開(kāi)學(xué)亮點(diǎn),有送福袋聘崗位的,有化身猴王送祝福的,有cosplay談理想的,有制作元宵猜燈謎的,還有個(gè)人才藝大比拼的……我們龍小的開(kāi)學(xué)第一天期初課程不僅讓每一個(gè)龍娃都參與其中、策劃展示,更是告別了以往紙質(zhì)作業(yè)有頭無(wú)尾的狀態(tài),把寒假的幸福作業(yè)延伸到開(kāi)學(xué),進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)程地思考,有活動(dòng)、有反饋,讓我們每一個(gè)同學(xué)的寒假作業(yè)都有了形式多樣的評(píng)價(jià)。在為期一天半的以“幸福作業(yè)233,龍娃風(fēng)采猴賽雷”為主題的期初課程中,我們看到了你們角逐獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的自信,看到了你們?nèi)苊餍堑娘L(fēng)采,看到了小隊(duì)海選的創(chuàng)意,讓“上海國(guó)際救助兒童會(huì)”考察團(tuán)的所有老師們都為我們豎起了大拇指!在這,我想借助六8班徐祝康同學(xué)創(chuàng)作的《致幸福作業(yè)展示中的你……》這首小詩(shī),給所有努力的龍娃們點(diǎn)個(gè)贊:致在積極展示自己寒假作業(yè)的同學(xué)們,教室里有你們洪亮的聲音,
大家好!我是來(lái)自初二(9)班的吳佩臻,今天我國(guó)旗下的講話題目為“告別童年 走向成熟”兩天后,就是兒童節(jié)了,首先我在這里祝大家兒童節(jié)快樂(lè)。而對(duì)于我們初二的同學(xué)們來(lái)說(shuō),這是最后一個(gè)兒童節(jié),也將標(biāo)志著我們告別童年,帶著早已沸騰在血液中的成熟,早已準(zhǔn)備著跳動(dòng)青春的氣息,真正地成為一名青少年,去擁抱五歲的天空。時(shí)光荏苒,驀然回首,這十幾年,我們?cè)诔砷L(zhǎng)的道路上,印下了一個(gè)個(gè)或大或小或深或淺的足跡。十幾年來(lái),我們用天真爛漫的情懷,編織了一首人生中最難以忘懷的童年之歌。還記得月光下和小伙伴在庭院里灑下的咯咯笑聲嗎?那是我們快樂(lè)的童年。還記得沖刺外校前奔波于各個(gè)培優(yōu)點(diǎn)之間的匆匆身影嗎?那是我們緊張忙碌的童年。還記得剛?cè)胄r(shí)我們無(wú)法適應(yīng)新生活而掛在嘴邊的聲聲抱怨嗎?那是我們受挫的童年。
問(wèn)題二:上述問(wèn)題中,甲、乙的平均數(shù)、中位數(shù)、眾數(shù)相同,但二者的射擊成績(jī)存在差異,那么,如何度量這種差異呢?我們可以利用極差進(jìn)行度量。根據(jù)上述數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得:甲的極差=10-4=6 乙的極差=9-5=4極差在一定程度上刻畫(huà)了數(shù)據(jù)的離散程度。由極差發(fā)現(xiàn)甲的成績(jī)波動(dòng)范圍比乙的大。但由于極差只使用了數(shù)據(jù)中最大、最小兩個(gè)值的信息,所含的信息量很少。也就是說(shuō),極差度量出的差異誤差較大。問(wèn)題三:你還能想出其他刻畫(huà)數(shù)據(jù)離散程度的辦法嗎?我們知道,如果射擊的成績(jī)很穩(wěn)定,那么大多數(shù)的射擊成績(jī)離平均成績(jī)不會(huì)太遠(yuǎn);相反,如果射擊的成績(jī)波動(dòng)幅度很大,那么大多數(shù)的射擊成績(jī)離平均成績(jī)會(huì)比較遠(yuǎn)。因此,我們可以通過(guò)這兩組射擊成績(jī)與它們的平均成績(jī)的“平均距離”來(lái)度量成績(jī)的波動(dòng)幅度。
可以通過(guò)下面的步驟計(jì)算一組n個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的第p百分位數(shù):第一步:按從小到大排列原始數(shù)據(jù);第二步:計(jì)算i=n×p%;第三步:若i不是整數(shù),而大于i的比鄰整數(shù)位j,則第p百分位數(shù)為第j項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù);若i是整數(shù),則第p百分位數(shù)為第i項(xiàng)與第i+1項(xiàng)的平均數(shù)。我們?cè)诔踔袑W(xué)過(guò)的中位數(shù),相當(dāng)于是第50百分位數(shù)。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,除了中位數(shù)外,常用的分位數(shù)還有第25百分位數(shù),第75百分位數(shù)。這三個(gè)分位數(shù)把一組由小到大排列后的數(shù)據(jù)分成四等份,因此稱為四分位數(shù)。其中第25百分位數(shù)也稱為第一四分位數(shù)或下四分位數(shù)等,第75百分位數(shù)也稱為第三四分位數(shù)或上四分位數(shù)等。另外,像第1百分位數(shù),第5百分位數(shù),第95百分位數(shù),和第99百分位數(shù)在統(tǒng)計(jì)中也經(jīng)常被使用。例2、根據(jù)下列樣本數(shù)據(jù),估計(jì)樹(shù)人中學(xué)高一年級(jí)女生第25,50,75百分位數(shù)。
(2)平均數(shù)受數(shù)據(jù)中的極端值(2個(gè)95)影響較大,使平均數(shù)在估計(jì)總體時(shí)可靠性降低,10天的用水量有8天都在平均值以下。故用中位數(shù)來(lái)估計(jì)每天的用水量更合適。1、樣本的數(shù)字特征:眾數(shù)、中位數(shù)和平均數(shù);2、用樣本頻率分布直方圖估計(jì)樣本的眾數(shù)、中位數(shù)、平均數(shù)。(1)眾數(shù)規(guī)定為頻率分布直方圖中最高矩形下端的中點(diǎn);(2)中位數(shù)兩邊的直方圖的面積相等;(3)頻率分布直方圖中每個(gè)小矩形的面積與小矩形底邊中點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)之積相加,就是樣本數(shù)據(jù)的估值平均數(shù)。學(xué)生回顧本節(jié)課知識(shí)點(diǎn),教師補(bǔ)充。 讓學(xué)生掌握本節(jié)課知識(shí)點(diǎn),并能夠靈活運(yùn)用。
本節(jié)內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)的三角表示,是復(fù)數(shù)與三角函數(shù)的結(jié)合,是對(duì)復(fù)數(shù)的拓展延伸,這樣更有利于我們對(duì)復(fù)數(shù)的研究。1.數(shù)學(xué)抽象:利用復(fù)數(shù)的三角形式解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題;2.邏輯推理:通過(guò)課堂探究逐步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力;3.數(shù)學(xué)建模:掌握復(fù)數(shù)的三角形式;4.直觀想象:利用復(fù)數(shù)三角形式解決一系列實(shí)際問(wèn)題;5.數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算:能夠正確運(yùn)用復(fù)數(shù)三角形式計(jì)算復(fù)數(shù)的乘法、除法;6.數(shù)據(jù)分析:通過(guò)經(jīng)歷提出問(wèn)題—推導(dǎo)過(guò)程—得出結(jié)論—例題講解—練習(xí)鞏固的過(guò)程,讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的邏輯性和嚴(yán)密性。復(fù)數(shù)的三角形式、復(fù)數(shù)三角形式乘法、除法法則及其幾何意義舊知導(dǎo)入:?jiǎn)栴}一:你還記得復(fù)數(shù)的幾何意義嗎?問(wèn)題二:我們知道,向量也可以由它的大小和方向唯一確定,那么能否借助向量的大小和方向這兩個(gè)要素來(lái)表示復(fù)數(shù)呢?如何表示?
6. 例二:如圖,AB是⊙O的直徑,PA垂直于⊙O所在的平面,C是圓周上的一點(diǎn),且PA=AC,求二面角P-BC-A的大小. 解:由已知PA⊥平面ABC,BC在平面ABC內(nèi)∴PA⊥BC∵AB是⊙O的直徑,且點(diǎn)C在圓周上,∴AC⊥BC又∵PA∩AC=A,PA,AC在平面PAC內(nèi),∴BC⊥平面PAC又PC在平面PAC內(nèi),∴PC⊥BC又∵BC是二面角P-BC-A的棱,∴∠PCA是二面角P-BC-A的平面角由PA=AC知△PAC是等腰直角三角形∴∠PCA=45°,即二面角P-BC-A的大小是45°7.面面垂直定義一般地,兩個(gè)平面相交,如果它們所成的二面角是直二面角,就說(shuō)這兩個(gè)平面互相垂直,平面α與β垂直,記作α⊥β8. 探究:建筑工人在砌墻時(shí),常用鉛錘來(lái)檢測(cè)所砌的墻面與地面是否垂直,如果系有鉛錘的細(xì)繩緊貼墻面,工人師傅被認(rèn)為墻面垂直于地面,否則他就認(rèn)為墻面不垂直于地面,這種方法說(shuō)明了什么道理?
新知講授(一)——古典概型 對(duì)隨機(jī)事件發(fā)生可能性大小的度量(數(shù)值)稱為事件的概率。我們將具有以上兩個(gè)特征的試驗(yàn)稱為古典概型試驗(yàn),其數(shù)學(xué)模型稱為古典概率模型,簡(jiǎn)稱古典概型。即具有以下兩個(gè)特征:1、有限性:樣本空間的樣本點(diǎn)只有有限個(gè);2、等可能性:每個(gè)樣本點(diǎn)發(fā)生的可能性相等。思考一:下面的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)是不是古典概型?(1)一個(gè)班級(jí)中有18名男生、22名女生。采用抽簽的方式,從中隨機(jī)選擇一名學(xué)生,事件A=“抽到男生”(2)拋擲一枚質(zhì)地均勻的硬幣3次,事件B=“恰好一次正面朝上”(1)班級(jí)中共有40名學(xué)生,從中選擇一名學(xué)生,即樣本點(diǎn)是有限個(gè);因?yàn)槭请S機(jī)選取的,所以選到每個(gè)學(xué)生的可能性都相等,因此這是一個(gè)古典概型。
1.探究:根據(jù)基本事實(shí)的推論2,3,過(guò)兩條平行直線或兩條相交直線,有且只有一個(gè)平面,由此可以想到,如果一個(gè)平面內(nèi)有兩條相交或平行直線都與另一個(gè)平面平行,是否就能使這兩個(gè)平面平行?如圖(1),a和b分別是矩形硬紙板的兩條對(duì)邊所在直線,它們都和桌面平行,那么硬紙板和桌面平行嗎?如圖(2),c和d分別是三角尺相鄰兩邊所在直線,它們都和桌面平行,那么三角尺與桌面平行嗎?2.如果一個(gè)平面內(nèi)有兩條平行直線與另一個(gè)平面平行,這兩個(gè)平面不一定平行。我們借助長(zhǎng)方體模型來(lái)說(shuō)明。如圖,在平面A’ADD’內(nèi)畫(huà)一條與AA’平行的直線EF,顯然AA’與EF都平行于平面DD’CC’,但這兩條平行直線所在平面AA’DD’與平面DD’CC’相交。3.如果一個(gè)平面內(nèi)有兩條相交直線與另一個(gè)平面平行,這兩個(gè)平面是平行的,如圖,平面ABCD內(nèi)兩條相交直線A’C’,B’D’平行。