Step 1 Greeting Greet the class and check the homeworkStep 2 A duty report The S on duty gives a report on the rules in his home and lead in 3a “Sun Fei’s and Wu Yu’s rules” Step 3 ReadingSs read the conversation and write the two girls’ rules in the chart. Check the answers.Get Ss to read after the tape and then read aloud by themselves. Then, T explains the language points.Step 4 Pairwork 3bRole play. Use the information in chart to practice with the conversation in 3a covered. They can look at the sample conversation in the right box.Step 5 Task 2 “Who’s the best reporter?”Make a survey by asking any 5 students the questions in the chart in activity 4. Then give out a report about it. See who is the best reporter? And the best reporter will get a nice ball-pen.Step 6 Summary and homework:Write out the report in your exercise-books.Period ThreeStep 1 Greeting and a duty reportThe S gives a duty report talking about his experience of being late for school. Lead in the question “Do you ever get to school late? How often do you get to school late? Always, usually, sometimes, or never?Step 2 1a Get Ss to finish writing.Step 3 Pairwork 1b Get Ss to talk about their answers with their partners using the sample conversation in the box on the right.Step 4 Listening practice2a Lead-in: What will happen if you get to school late? What about Peter? Let’s listen to a conversation between Peter and his father. Get Ss to finish 2a (As usual, for the first time, Ss only listen.) Check the answers.
教學(xué)目標(biāo): 1. Express preferences2. Talk about one’s likes and dislikes and the reasons3. Learn to express one’s opinions 4. Learn to write a reply 語言功能: 1) Talk about one’s preferences, using t he relative clause2) Talk about people’s likes and dislikes and the reasons3) Talk about opinions語言結(jié)構(gòu): Relative clauses with that and who語言目標(biāo):What kind of music do you like?I like music that I can sing along with.I love singers who write their own music.We prefer music that has great lyric.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語:heart, photography, interest, class, whatever, miss, okay, expect, sweet, taste, itself, laboratory, cancer, increase, biscuit, main, care, prefer… to…, remind somebody of …, dance to, sing along with, be sure to, interest somebody, make somebody adj., to be honest, suit somebody, on display, catch up教學(xué)重難點(diǎn):What do other people think of the different kinds of things? How to express one’s opinions? 學(xué)習(xí)方式:討論,合作學(xué)習(xí)情感目標(biāo):通過本單元的學(xué)習(xí),能提高學(xué)生的藝術(shù)鑒賞能力和審美情趣,并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成健康的飲食習(xí)慣。課時安排5課時第一課時:Section A: 1a-2c第二課時:Section A : 3a-4第三課時:Section B:1-2c, Self check2第四課時:Section B: 3a-4, Self check1第五課時:Self check ReadingI like music that I can dance to.
內(nèi)容提示1.本單元主要內(nèi)容是學(xué)會used to結(jié)構(gòu)。Used to +動詞原形表示過去經(jīng)常、以前常常,只用于過去式中,用來表示現(xiàn)在已不存在的習(xí)慣或狀態(tài)。例如:They used to play football together.他們過去常在一起蹋足球。(現(xiàn)在不在一起踢了)2.used to的疑問形式和否定形式為Did you use to…?和I didn’t use to… 也可以用Used you to…?和I used not to…但現(xiàn)在多使用前者。例如:Did you used to swim in the river? 你過去常在河里游泳嗎?I didn’t use to play the piano. 我以前并不經(jīng)常彈鋼琴。教學(xué)目標(biāo)一、學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)(Language Goal) 1.學(xué)會陳述自己過去常做的事情。2.學(xué)會陳述自己過去的愛好等。3.能夠表達(dá)自己現(xiàn)在和過去在外表、性格、娛樂等方面的變化。4.能夠表達(dá)朋友、家人等現(xiàn)在和過去的變化。二、語言結(jié)構(gòu)(Language Structures) 1.I used to be short when I was young. 我年輕時個子很矮。 2. —Did you use to have straight hair? 你過去是直發(fā)嗎?—Yes, I did. 是的。 3. —Did you use to play the piano? 你過去彈鋼琴嗎?—No, I didn’t. 不,我不彈。 4.I used to be afraid of dark. 我過去害怕黑暗。 5.I’m terrified of the snakes. 我害怕蛇。
內(nèi)容提示本單元主要內(nèi)容是學(xué)會利用verb十by/with gerund表示方式方法來討論學(xué)習(xí)英語的策略,認(rèn)識自己在學(xué)習(xí)方面的長處和不足。初步了解現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法?,F(xiàn)在完成時由助動詞have/has+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成,主要表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響或造成的后果,常與already,yet,just,ever,never等副詞連用。教學(xué)目標(biāo)一、學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)(Language Goal) 1. Talk about how to study . 學(xué)會討論各種學(xué)習(xí)方法和策略。2. Find out your suitable learning methods. 找出適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法。 二、語言結(jié)構(gòu)(Language Structures) 1. Verb + by with gerund by+動名詞短語 表示“通過…途徑,方法” 2. How questions have引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句 三、目標(biāo)語言(Target Language) 1. How do you study for tests ? 你是怎樣準(zhǔn)備考試的?Well , I study by working with my classmates. 哦,我和同學(xué)們一起學(xué)習(xí)。2. Have you ever studied with a group ? 你曾經(jīng)參加過學(xué)習(xí)小組嗎?Yes , I have . I’ve learned a lot that way . 是的,參加過。通過這種方式我學(xué)了許多。
Ⅰ. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularyoversleep(2) Target LanguageWhat happened?I overslept. And by the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.2. Ability Objects(1) Teach the students to use the new words.(2) Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense.(3) Train the students' listening and speaking skills with the target language.3. Moral ObjectIt’s a good habit to go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning. So you’ll never be in a hurry in the morning.Ⅱ. Teaching Key Points1. Key Vocabularyoversleep2. Target LanguageNarrate past events with the Past Perfect TenseⅢ. Teaching Difficult Points1. Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense.2. Train the students to understand the target language in spoken conversation.Ⅳ. Teaching Methods1. Thinking of examples from the students' real lives.2. Making sentences by looking at the pictures.Ⅴ. Teaching AidA tape recorderⅥ. Teaching ProceduresStep I Revision1. Revise the language points in Unit 8.Ask some questions like this: What volunteer work would you like to do?Help the students to answer, I’d like to…/I love to…/I hope to2. Practice the dialogue in Activity 3c on page 62 again. Get students to role play the similar dialogues with the following.
一、Section A該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊圍繞Whose volleyball is this? 這一話題展開思維( 1a)、聽力(1b)、口語( 1c)訓(xùn)練;第二模塊圍繞上一模塊中的話題進(jìn)行聽力( 2a-2b)、口語訓(xùn)練( 2c);第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞前兩個模塊中的“making inferences”展開訓(xùn)練。訓(xùn)練形式為閱讀排序( 3a)和兩人問答(3b);第四模塊仍就上一話題展開討論。二、Section B該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊要求根據(jù)圖畫和所提供的單詞寫出合理的句子;第二模塊在聽力( 2a-2b)和分角色口語訓(xùn)練( 2c)的基礎(chǔ)上,繼續(xù)進(jìn)行“推測”訓(xùn)練; 第三模塊圍繞“Strange events in Bell Tower neighborhood”這一話題展開閱讀( 3a)和寫作(3b -3c)訓(xùn)練;第四模塊以dream為話題展開小組活動。三、Self Check該部分有3個模塊。第一模塊以填空形式對所學(xué)詞匯進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練;第二模塊就8個諺語展開閱讀和討論。
The First PeriodⅠ.Teaching Aims and DemandsKnowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularytiring, educational, fascinating, thrilling, peaceful, exotic, trek, jungle, take it easy, explore, historic, site(2) Target LanguageWhere would you like to go on vacation?I’d like to trek through the jungle, because I like exciting vacations.2. Ability Objects(1)Train students to talk about places they would like to visit with the target language.(2)Train students to describe vacations with different adjectives.(3)Train students' listening skill.3. Moral Object,It′s more interesting to go on vacating somewhere instead of staying at home.Ⅱ. Teaching Key Points1. Key Vocabularytiring, educational, fascinating, thrilling, peaceful, exotic, trek, jungle, take it easy, explore, historic, site2. Target LanguageTalk about different places with the target language.Ⅲ. Teaching Difficult Points1. Describe vacations with different adjectives.2. Talk about different places with the target language.Ⅳ. Teaching Methods1. Teaching by illumination2. Teaching by doing chain drills3. Teaching by pairworkⅤ. Teaching Aids1. A tape recorder2. Some pictures of different places with famous views
1. 教材分析本單元以how do things affect you?為話題, 從顏色、天氣、音樂、廣告、產(chǎn)品等方面談?wù)摿送饨缡挛锶绾斡绊懭说男那?。要求學(xué)生掌握表達(dá)某物或某事給人帶來的感覺、看法或影響等。共設(shè)計了四個部分的內(nèi)容:Section A 該部分有4個模塊:第一模塊圍繞Which restaurant would you like to go to?這一話題展開思維(1a)、聽力(1b)、口語(1c)訓(xùn)練;第二模塊圍繞How does music affect you? 進(jìn)行聽力(2a-2b)、口語訓(xùn)練(2c);第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞how do colors in the restaurant affect you這一話題展開訓(xùn)練,訓(xùn)練形式為閱讀和問題體驗(yàn)(3a)和小組活動(3b);第四模塊仍就How do things affect you這一話題以調(diào)查的形式展開討論。Section B該部分有4個模塊:第一模塊圍繞產(chǎn)品廣告對人們的影響這一話題以“配對”(1a)與“列舉”(1b)兩種形式展開訓(xùn)練;第二模塊繼續(xù)圍繞How do things affect you? 進(jìn)行聽力(2a-2b)、口語對話訓(xùn)練(2c);第三模塊圍繞“Advertising”這一話題展開閱讀(3a-3b)和寫作(3c)訓(xùn)練;第四模塊圍繞How posters affect you這一話題以口語訓(xùn)練形式展開小組活動。
Step Ⅰ RevisionCheck homework. Ask a few students to read the article in 3a.Then ask a few students to read their guides.Step Ⅱ Part 1Look at the words in the box. Ask a student to read them. Make sure the students understand the meaning of the words. You are to fill in the blanks with the words. In some cases, students may need to use another form of the word, for example adjusting for tense or subject/ verb agreement.Ask students to fill in the blanks on their own.Check the answers. Step ⅢPart 2Go through the instructions with the class.Look at the example with the students.Ask students what the answer would be.Ask a student to read the question and answer it.Excuse me, could you tell me where the bank is, please?The bank is across the street from the shopping malt.Get students to complete the work in pairs.Check the answers. Ask a few students to read their questions.Step Ⅳ Just for Fun!Ask all the students to read the conversation. Ask: What is funny about this cartoon? Help students to explain. A Martian is a person from the planet Mars.There is no such thing as Martian food on Earth, and the clerk looks silly because he is trying to think of where there is a Martian restaurant.Invite some pairs of students to present this conversation to the rest of the class.Step Ⅴ Summary and HomeworkIn this class, we’ve done much writing practice using the key vocabulary words and the target language presented in this unit. After class, please finish the questions in 2 in your exercise books. Then finish the exercises on pages 47~48 of the workbook as well.The Seventh Period Ⅰ Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularyimage, adventure, jealousy, hero, crime, journey, brave, no longer, show interest in, take it easy, become interested in, plain looks(2)Text:Grown-ups like cartoons, too.2. Ability Objects(1) Fast-reading to get a general idea of the text.(2) Careful-reading to get the detailed information in the text.
Talk about offering help (P60)I’ll help clean up the city parks.A: I’d like to work ...B: You could help ...Talk about ways to tell people about the Clean-Up Day (P61)We need to ...We can’t ...I’ll ...Talk about the work the volunteers do (P62)These three students all volunteer their time to help other people.Somebody loves to ... / helps ... / plans to ... / wants to ...A: What do you like doing?B: I like ... A: What kind of volunteer work do you think I could do?B: You could ...1. 重點(diǎn)詞匯advertisement, fix, repair, pleasure, blind, deaf, shut, carry, specially, fetch2. 認(rèn)讀詞匯hunger, homeless, cheer, clean-up, sign, establish, major, commitment, elementary, veterinarian, coach, similar, call-in, strategy, disabled, organization, unable, support, appreciate, donation, part of speech, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, donate, Jimmy, Sally3. 詞組clean up, cheer up, give out, put off, set up, think up, take after, fix up, give away, put up, hand out, work out, at once
本單元主要圍繞著有關(guān)瀕臨滅絕的動物這一話題,學(xué)習(xí)了應(yīng)該怎樣保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境,以及就某一問題展開辯論。目標(biāo)提示語言目標(biāo)能夠運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識,就某一問題展開辯論。認(rèn)知目標(biāo)1、復(fù)習(xí)一些語法:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、一般現(xiàn)在時、用used to 表示一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。2、學(xué)會表達(dá)同意和不同意。3、學(xué)會以下基本句型:We’re trying to save the manatees.Manatees eat about 100 pounds of food a day.There used to be a lot of manatees.In 1972,it was discovered that they were endangered.Some of the swamps have become polluted.情感目標(biāo)了解一些瀕臨滅絕的動物的生活習(xí)性和瀕臨滅絕的原因,教育學(xué)生應(yīng)該如何保護(hù)環(huán)境。教學(xué)提示充分利用多媒體等教學(xué)設(shè)備,創(chuàng)設(shè)與本課話題相關(guān)的情境,如各種不同種類的動物、動物園以及有關(guān)環(huán)境的畫畫等等。圍繞著本單元的教學(xué)目標(biāo),設(shè)計一些貼近學(xué)生實(shí)際的教學(xué)任務(wù),如讓學(xué)生談?wù)撟约鹤钕矚g的動物,如何拯救瀕危動物,如何保護(hù)環(huán)境等等。讓學(xué)生根據(jù)所學(xué)知識,就動物園是否對動物有利以及其他的話題進(jìn)行辯論。
教學(xué)目標(biāo):1. 掌握本單元一些重點(diǎn)詞匯的寫法和用法。2. 學(xué)會自如談?wù)摬妥蓝Y儀。Step 1 RevisionAsk some students to retell the customs at the table in France in the passage in 3a.Step 2 Self checkPart 1. Fill in each bland with the correct word given. Students do the exercises by themselves at first. Then check the answers. Ask the students to comprehend the sentences and help them point out uses of some words, like “arrive (at / in) sw., spend time / money on sth , spend time / money (in) doing sth.”Part 2. Read about Fan Ling’s experience in a western restaurant. Understand the passage. Point out some key points in the passage.1. be / get used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事2. begin with = start with 以….開頭3. crowd v. 擠滿,塞滿 the crowd 人群 crowded adj. 擁擠的Then students discuss about how she would solve her problem. Ask some to share their stories with others.Part 3. Complete the crossword by looking at the sentences on the left. Then check the answers.
一、導(dǎo)入新課我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過魯迅先生的不少文章,學(xué)過他的小說,看他用無數(shù)生動的形象表達(dá)他在時代里的“吶喊”與“彷徨”;學(xué)過他的散文,與他一同在失落中“朝花夕拾”,安靜地回憶過往。今天,我們將學(xué)習(xí)魯迅先生的一篇雜文,看他是如何作為民族斗士,將手中的筆,變成抨擊敵人的槍。二、教學(xué)新課目標(biāo)導(dǎo)學(xué)一:學(xué)習(xí)駁論,理清思路1.初讀課文,找出對方的錯誤觀點(diǎn),并說說作者是怎樣引出這一觀點(diǎn)的。明確:對方的錯誤觀點(diǎn)是“中國人失掉自信力了”。開篇以似乎確鑿的事實(shí)為據(jù),用一句話指出了三個階段中“中國人”表現(xiàn)出來的三種不同的態(tài)度:盲目驕傲,夜郎自大;盲目崇拜,借助外援;今不如昔,祈求鬼神。即由自夸到崇洋,到自欺欺人、虛無渺茫的態(tài)度變化。因此有人“慨嘆”:“中國人失掉自信力了?!边@是論敵的論點(diǎn)。
教學(xué)過程:一、邊欣賞音樂邊介紹巴赫及其求學(xué)之路。通過背景音樂和文字說明,使同學(xué)們掌握一些有關(guān)西方音樂的文化。二、初步了解小步舞曲。通過文字?jǐn)⑹觯唵瘟私庑〔轿枨?。三、講述《小步舞曲》曲的音樂內(nèi)容。對節(jié)奏、速度、力度、節(jié)拍以及體裁進(jìn)行了解。四、結(jié)合譜例分段學(xué)習(xí)《小步舞曲》。1、學(xué)習(xí)樂曲A’段。說明:依據(jù)樂曲創(chuàng)作背景,合理創(chuàng)設(shè)“舞會”情景,從而有效激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,用舞蹈表現(xiàn)手段演繹此樂段,發(fā)展了學(xué)生的舞蹈表演能力,享受到美的愉悅。2、學(xué)習(xí)樂曲B段。說明:利用形象、直觀的圖式輔助以及一系列貼近學(xué)生思維邏輯的問答討論,激發(fā)學(xué)生的思考,幫助學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確把握樂段情緒,并能用指揮、伴奏等方式表現(xiàn)該樂段。3、完整欣賞《小步舞曲》。說明:學(xué)生在完整欣賞樂曲時能夠鞏固樂曲主題的記憶,并且聽辨、感受樂曲兩個不同主題情緒,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立的音樂感受和見解。五、視頻欣賞。說明:通過視屏欣賞,使同學(xué)們以一個更直觀的郊區(qū)去理解和學(xué)習(xí)作品,并使同學(xué)對作品有更深刻的記憶。引起學(xué)生共鳴,領(lǐng)悟音樂的美感,愉悅身心,獲取樂趣,從而激起學(xué)習(xí)的情趣。
主題目標(biāo): 能關(guān)注周圍環(huán)境中的事物,初步了解并體驗(yàn)人與人、人與整個環(huán)境和諧相處的快樂感覺;能在成人幫助下逐步形成與他人共處的良好態(tài)度;學(xué)習(xí)并嘗試與人交往的方式,促進(jìn)社會交往能力的發(fā)展。 主題的開展: 本月以“我的朋友”為主題,圍繞“朋友都有誰、快快樂樂來玩耍、友好相處是朋友、”三個方面的內(nèi)容展開活動,環(huán)境方面突出的是我們有效的利用家長資源,帶動幼兒及教師家長的興趣。 俗話說:“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來”孩子年齡隨小,但他們也在逐漸與社會接軌,心中都有自己的好朋友,比如有的幼兒說“我爸爸是我的好朋友”“我班xxx 是我的好朋友” “xx班的xxx是我的好朋友”,為此我們組織幼兒完成好朋友畫像的活動。目的是通過幼兒講述,不僅提高幼兒口語表達(dá)能力。而且進(jìn)一步增進(jìn)好朋友之間的情感。
2.能勇于嘗試,學(xué)習(xí)宇航員敢于克服困難的精神?;顒訙?zhǔn)備: 小河、山洞 活動過程:一、激發(fā)興趣,活動身體1、師:你們知道神州七號嗎?神州七號發(fā)射成功是我們中國人的驕傲,神州七號發(fā)射最辛苦的是宇航員叔叔,我們一起夸夸宇航員叔叔:宇航員叔叔本領(lǐng)大,宇航員叔叔了不起。小朋友你們長大了想做宇航員嗎?宇航員必須有一個健康的身體,今天就讓我們鍛煉起來。2、活動身體:宇航員模仿操。(踏步、跑步、跳、轉(zhuǎn))
一、描述圓周運(yùn)動的物理量 探究交流 打籃球的同學(xué)可能玩過轉(zhuǎn)籃球,讓籃球在指尖旋轉(zhuǎn),展示自己的球技,如圖5-4-1所示.若籃球正繞指尖所在的豎直軸旋轉(zhuǎn),那么籃球上不同高度的各點(diǎn)的角速度相同嗎?線速度相同嗎? 【提示】 籃球上各點(diǎn)的角速度是相同的.但由于不同高度的各點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)動時的圓心、半徑不同,由v=ωr可知不同高度的各點(diǎn)的線速度不同.
2.在新知與舊知、知識與實(shí)踐的關(guān)系上,在學(xué)與思、學(xué)與問的關(guān)系上,孔子是怎么看的?新知與舊知的關(guān)系上,孔子認(rèn)為“溫故”可以“知新”。也只有“溫故”“知新”的人才能當(dāng)老師。這里,孔子強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“新知”,是那種開拓、創(chuàng)新的精神。在知識與實(shí)踐的關(guān)系上,孔子認(rèn)為“學(xué)而時習(xí)之”。學(xué)了知識要按時去實(shí)習(xí),把所學(xué)的東西運(yùn)用到行動上,在實(shí)踐中提高對知識的掌握程度。在學(xué)與思的關(guān)系上,孔子認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)與思考必須結(jié)合,二者缺一不可。只讀書而不通過自己的頭腦加以思考,就會感到迷惑;只是一味空想而不讀書,就會精神疲憊。在學(xué)與問的關(guān)系上,孔子主張既學(xué)又問,不僅問知識才能比自己高的人,即使是知識才能比自己低的人,只要他們在某一方面有一技之長、一得之見,就應(yīng)該虛心向他們求教,不以為羞恥。
(3)也可以用散文的形式將某一個傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的歷史淵源娓娓道來,從宏觀層面追溯千年歷史。2.佳作欣賞節(jié) 日在一陣陣爆竹聲中,一陣陣歡歌笑語中,我們終于迎來了春節(jié)!春節(jié),是中國最盛大的節(jié)日,也是我們最高興的日子。家家張燈結(jié)彩,街面上修飾一新,一派喜氣洋洋的景象。爸爸媽媽也早早地把家里布置一新,置辦了年貨,我幸福地眨著眼睛,穿著新衣服在大衣柜鏡子前照來照去,真是美極了!大年三十,爸爸領(lǐng)著我把鮮紅的對聯(lián)貼在院門上,那喜慶的金字映襯得我家滿院都生輝了。最溫馨的是除夕晚上,全家圍坐在一起吃著香氣四溢的年夜飯,看著異彩紛呈的春晚節(jié)目……心中感到是那樣的溫暖。
?目標(biāo)導(dǎo)學(xué)二:理解內(nèi)容,體會寫法 1.文章開頭一句“謝太傅寒雪日內(nèi)集,與兒女講論文義?!边@句話在全文中有什么作用? 涵蓋事件時間、地點(diǎn)、人物及主體事件等豐富的內(nèi)容。正因?yàn)椤昂┤铡薄岸矶E”,才能引出“詠雪。2.“寒雪”“內(nèi)集”“欣然”“大笑”’等詞語營造了一種怎樣的家庭氛圍?營造了一種融洽、歡快、輕松的家庭氛圍。3.“詠雪”的過程中,文章特別記載了兩個人的詠,即用“撒鹽空中”和“柳絮因風(fēng)起”來比擬“大雪紛紛”,你對其中哪一個更欣賞?為什么?“柳絮因風(fēng)起”更好,因?yàn)榱醣塞}更像雪。給人以春天即將到來的感覺,意蘊(yùn)強(qiáng),有美感,這是“撒鹽空中”所缺乏的?!叭鳆}空中”比喻了雪的顏色。 4.文章結(jié)尾交待了謝道韞的身份,有什么用意?謝太傅對兩人的答案未做評定,只是“大笑樂”而已,十分耐人尋味。作者也沒有表態(tài),卻在最后補(bǔ)充了道韞的身份,這是一個有力的暗示,表明他贊賞道韞的才氣。