Ⅰ. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularyoversleep(2) Target LanguageWhat happened?I overslept. And by the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.2. Ability Objects(1) Teach the students to use the new words.(2) Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense.(3) Train the students' listening and speaking skills with the target language.3. Moral ObjectIt’s a good habit to go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning. So you’ll never be in a hurry in the morning.Ⅱ. Teaching Key Points1. Key Vocabularyoversleep2. Target LanguageNarrate past events with the Past Perfect TenseⅢ. Teaching Difficult Points1. Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense.2. Train the students to understand the target language in spoken conversation.Ⅳ. Teaching Methods1. Thinking of examples from the students' real lives.2. Making sentences by looking at the pictures.Ⅴ. Teaching AidA tape recorderⅥ. Teaching ProceduresStep I Revision1. Revise the language points in Unit 8.Ask some questions like this: What volunteer work would you like to do?Help the students to answer, I’d like to…/I love to…/I hope to2. Practice the dialogue in Activity 3c on page 62 again. Get students to role play the similar dialogues with the following.
一、Section A該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊圍繞Whose volleyball is this? 這一話題展開思維( 1a)、聽力(1b)、口語( 1c)訓(xùn)練;第二模塊圍繞上一模塊中的話題進(jìn)行聽力( 2a-2b)、口語訓(xùn)練( 2c);第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞前兩個模塊中的“making inferences”展開訓(xùn)練。訓(xùn)練形式為閱讀排序( 3a)和兩人問答(3b);第四模塊仍就上一話題展開討論。二、Section B該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊要求根據(jù)圖畫和所提供的單詞寫出合理的句子;第二模塊在聽力( 2a-2b)和分角色口語訓(xùn)練( 2c)的基礎(chǔ)上,繼續(xù)進(jìn)行“推測”訓(xùn)練; 第三模塊圍繞“Strange events in Bell Tower neighborhood”這一話題展開閱讀( 3a)和寫作(3b -3c)訓(xùn)練;第四模塊以dream為話題展開小組活動。三、Self Check該部分有3個模塊。第一模塊以填空形式對所學(xué)詞匯進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練;第二模塊就8個諺語展開閱讀和討論。
1. 教材分析本單元以how do things affect you?為話題, 從顏色、天氣、音樂、廣告、產(chǎn)品等方面談?wù)摿送饨缡挛锶绾斡绊懭说男那?。要求學(xué)生掌握表達(dá)某物或某事給人帶來的感覺、看法或影響等。共設(shè)計了四個部分的內(nèi)容:Section A 該部分有4個模塊:第一模塊圍繞Which restaurant would you like to go to?這一話題展開思維(1a)、聽力(1b)、口語(1c)訓(xùn)練;第二模塊圍繞How does music affect you? 進(jìn)行聽力(2a-2b)、口語訓(xùn)練(2c);第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞how do colors in the restaurant affect you這一話題展開訓(xùn)練,訓(xùn)練形式為閱讀和問題體驗(yàn)(3a)和小組活動(3b);第四模塊仍就How do things affect you這一話題以調(diào)查的形式展開討論。Section B該部分有4個模塊:第一模塊圍繞產(chǎn)品廣告對人們的影響這一話題以“配對”(1a)與“列舉”(1b)兩種形式展開訓(xùn)練;第二模塊繼續(xù)圍繞How do things affect you? 進(jìn)行聽力(2a-2b)、口語對話訓(xùn)練(2c);第三模塊圍繞“Advertising”這一話題展開閱讀(3a-3b)和寫作(3c)訓(xùn)練;第四模塊圍繞How posters affect you這一話題以口語訓(xùn)練形式展開小組活動。
Step Ⅰ RevisionCheck homework. Ask a few students to read the article in 3a.Then ask a few students to read their guides.Step Ⅱ Part 1Look at the words in the box. Ask a student to read them. Make sure the students understand the meaning of the words. You are to fill in the blanks with the words. In some cases, students may need to use another form of the word, for example adjusting for tense or subject/ verb agreement.Ask students to fill in the blanks on their own.Check the answers. Step ⅢPart 2Go through the instructions with the class.Look at the example with the students.Ask students what the answer would be.Ask a student to read the question and answer it.Excuse me, could you tell me where the bank is, please?The bank is across the street from the shopping malt.Get students to complete the work in pairs.Check the answers. Ask a few students to read their questions.Step Ⅳ Just for Fun!Ask all the students to read the conversation. Ask: What is funny about this cartoon? Help students to explain. A Martian is a person from the planet Mars.There is no such thing as Martian food on Earth, and the clerk looks silly because he is trying to think of where there is a Martian restaurant.Invite some pairs of students to present this conversation to the rest of the class.Step Ⅴ Summary and HomeworkIn this class, we’ve done much writing practice using the key vocabulary words and the target language presented in this unit. After class, please finish the questions in 2 in your exercise books. Then finish the exercises on pages 47~48 of the workbook as well.The Seventh Period Ⅰ Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularyimage, adventure, jealousy, hero, crime, journey, brave, no longer, show interest in, take it easy, become interested in, plain looks(2)Text:Grown-ups like cartoons, too.2. Ability Objects(1) Fast-reading to get a general idea of the text.(2) Careful-reading to get the detailed information in the text.
Talk about offering help (P60)I’ll help clean up the city parks.A: I’d like to work ...B: You could help ...Talk about ways to tell people about the Clean-Up Day (P61)We need to ...We can’t ...I’ll ...Talk about the work the volunteers do (P62)These three students all volunteer their time to help other people.Somebody loves to ... / helps ... / plans to ... / wants to ...A: What do you like doing?B: I like ... A: What kind of volunteer work do you think I could do?B: You could ...1. 重點(diǎn)詞匯advertisement, fix, repair, pleasure, blind, deaf, shut, carry, specially, fetch2. 認(rèn)讀詞匯hunger, homeless, cheer, clean-up, sign, establish, major, commitment, elementary, veterinarian, coach, similar, call-in, strategy, disabled, organization, unable, support, appreciate, donation, part of speech, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, donate, Jimmy, Sally3. 詞組clean up, cheer up, give out, put off, set up, think up, take after, fix up, give away, put up, hand out, work out, at once
教學(xué)目標(biāo):1. 掌握本單元一些重點(diǎn)詞匯的寫法和用法。2. 學(xué)會自如談?wù)摬妥蓝Y儀。Step 1 RevisionAsk some students to retell the customs at the table in France in the passage in 3a.Step 2 Self checkPart 1. Fill in each bland with the correct word given. Students do the exercises by themselves at first. Then check the answers. Ask the students to comprehend the sentences and help them point out uses of some words, like “arrive (at / in) sw., spend time / money on sth , spend time / money (in) doing sth.”Part 2. Read about Fan Ling’s experience in a western restaurant. Understand the passage. Point out some key points in the passage.1. be / get used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事2. begin with = start with 以….開頭3. crowd v. 擠滿,塞滿 the crowd 人群 crowded adj. 擁擠的Then students discuss about how she would solve her problem. Ask some to share their stories with others.Part 3. Complete the crossword by looking at the sentences on the left. Then check the answers.
一、知識和能力目標(biāo)本單元的核心教學(xué)內(nèi)容是“認(rèn)物”。用英語確認(rèn)周圍的常見事物比較符合英語初學(xué)者的實(shí)際情況。通過本單元教學(xué),使學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)句型,去熟悉周圍事物的名稱;教學(xué)生學(xué)會在實(shí)際生活中如何確認(rèn)事物。通過辨認(rèn)物體,學(xué)生學(xué)到一些生詞,并鞏固所學(xué)句型。二、過程和方法目標(biāo)教師要盡量使學(xué)生對課文中出現(xiàn)的句型能夠熟練上口,這樣,學(xué)生才能順利開展比較靈活的對話。教師可以用手勢,表情,動作等示意,幫助學(xué)生聽懂課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容,但在實(shí)際操作中應(yīng)盡量避免“明知故問”的傾向,應(yīng)該采用應(yīng)用性原則;如:遮蓋物品、顯露局部、辨認(rèn)物體、完形識別、圖形辨認(rèn)等方法。三、情感態(tài)度和價值觀目標(biāo)目標(biāo)在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過程中的作用至關(guān)重要,教師要幫助他們建立起一個切合自己實(shí)際的目標(biāo),通過漸進(jìn)的學(xué)習(xí)以及一點(diǎn)一滴的進(jìn)步,使他們逐步建立起成功感。成功越多,自信心就越強(qiáng)。
教學(xué)過程Step 1: warming-up Sing a song---------“food and drink” Step 2: Revision1 Dictation2 Revise: What kind of noodles would you like?I’d like …What size bowl of noodles would you like?I’d like…Step 3: Presentation1 show pictures of food, ask students say the words.2 Students read the newspaper ad in 3a. Fill in blanks with words in the box. Then read the ad together, the teacher explains some difficult language points.3 Check the answers Step 4 PracticeAsk students to finish 3b in the same way according to 3a. Students read the short passage and fill in the blanks .At last, check the answers.Step 5 productionAsk students to write their own ad for dumplings, noodles, drinks, and other foods they know. Then ask students to read their partner’s ad. Then order food and drink from their partner.Step 6 Home workGroup work – make an ad about “food and drink”
解:原式=(-47)×(3.94+2.41-6.35)=(-47)×0=0.方法總結(jié):如果按照先算乘法,再算加減,則運(yùn)算較繁瑣,且符號容易出錯,但如果逆用乘法對加法的分配律,則可使運(yùn)算簡便.探究點(diǎn)三:有理數(shù)乘法的運(yùn)算律的實(shí)際應(yīng)用甲、乙兩地相距480千米,一輛汽車從甲地開往乙地,已經(jīng)行駛了全程的13,再行駛多少千米就可以到達(dá)中點(diǎn)?解析:把兩地間的距離看作單位“1”,中點(diǎn)即全程12處,根據(jù)題意用乘法分別求出480千米的12和13,再求差.解:480×12-480×13=480×(12-13)=80(千米).答:再行80千米就可以到達(dá)中點(diǎn).方法總結(jié):解答本題的關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)題意列出算式,然后根據(jù)乘法的分配律進(jìn)行簡便計算.新課程理念要求把學(xué)生“學(xué)”數(shù)學(xué)放在教師“教”之前,“導(dǎo)學(xué)”是教學(xué)的重點(diǎn).因此,在本節(jié)課的教學(xué)中,不要直接將結(jié)論告訴學(xué)生,而是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從大量的實(shí)例中尋找解決問題的規(guī)律.學(xué)生經(jīng)歷積極探索知識的形成過程,最后總結(jié)得出有理數(shù)乘法的運(yùn)算律.整個教學(xué)過程要讓學(xué)生積極參與,獨(dú)立思考和合作探究相結(jié)合,教師適當(dāng)點(diǎn)評,以達(dá)到預(yù)期的教學(xué)效果.
解:∵y=23x+a與y=-12x+b的圖象都過點(diǎn)A(-4,0),∴32×(-4)+a=0,-12×(-4)+b=0.∴a=6,b=-2.∴兩個一次函數(shù)分別是y=32x+6和y=-12x-2.y=32x+6與y軸交于點(diǎn)B,則y=32×0+6=6,∴B(0,6);y=-12x-2與y軸交于點(diǎn)C,則y=-2,∴C(0,-2).如圖所示,S△ABC=12BC·AO=12×4×(6+2)=16.方法總結(jié):解此類題要先求得頂點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo),即兩個一次函數(shù)的交點(diǎn)和它們分別與x軸、y軸交點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo).三、板書設(shè)計兩個一次函數(shù)的應(yīng)用實(shí)際生活中的問題幾何問題進(jìn)一步訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的識圖能力,能通過函數(shù)圖象獲取信息,解決簡單的實(shí)際問題,在函數(shù)圖象信息獲取過程中,進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的數(shù)形結(jié)合意識,發(fā)展形象思維.在解決實(shí)際問題的過程中,進(jìn)一步發(fā)展學(xué)生的分析問題、解決問題的能力和數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用意識.
解:設(shè)正比例函數(shù)的表達(dá)式為y1=k1x,一次函數(shù)的表達(dá)式為y2=k2x+b.∵點(diǎn)A(4,3)是它們的交點(diǎn),∴代入上述表達(dá)式中,得3=4k1,3=4k2+b.∴k1=34,即正比例函數(shù)的表達(dá)式為y=34x.∵OA=32+42=5,且OA=2OB,∴OB=52.∵點(diǎn)B在y軸的負(fù)半軸上,∴B點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為(0,-52).又∵點(diǎn)B在一次函數(shù)y2=k2x+b的圖象上,∴-52=b,代入3=4k2+b中,得k2=118.∴一次函數(shù)的表達(dá)式為y2=118x-52.方法總結(jié):根據(jù)圖象確定一次函數(shù)的表達(dá)式的方法:從圖象上選取兩個已知點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo),然后運(yùn)用待定系數(shù)法將兩點(diǎn)的橫、縱坐標(biāo)代入所設(shè)表達(dá)式中求出待定系數(shù),從而求出函數(shù)的表達(dá)式.【類型三】 根據(jù)實(shí)際問題確定一次函數(shù)的表達(dá)式某商店售貨時,在進(jìn)價的基礎(chǔ)上加一定利潤,其數(shù)量x與售價y的關(guān)系如下表所示,請你根據(jù)表中所提供的信息,列出售價y(元)與數(shù)量x(千克)的函數(shù)關(guān)系式,并求出當(dāng)數(shù)量是2.5千克時的售價.
(4)從平均分看,兩隊(duì)的平均分相同,實(shí)力大體相當(dāng);從折線的走勢看,甲隊(duì)比賽成績呈上升趨勢,而乙隊(duì)比賽成績呈下降趨勢;從獲勝場數(shù)看,甲隊(duì)勝三場,乙隊(duì)勝兩場,甲隊(duì)成績較好;從方差看,甲隊(duì)比賽成績比乙隊(duì)比賽成績波動小,甲隊(duì)成績較穩(wěn)定.綜上所述,選派甲隊(duì)參賽更能取得好成績.方法總結(jié):本題是反映數(shù)據(jù)集中程度與離散程度的綜合題.從圖形中得到兩隊(duì)的成績,然后從平均數(shù)、方差的角度來考慮,在平均數(shù)相同的情況下,方差越小的越穩(wěn)定.三、板書設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)的離散程度極差:一組數(shù)據(jù)中最大數(shù)據(jù)與最小數(shù)據(jù)的差方差:各個數(shù)據(jù)與平均數(shù)差的平方的平均數(shù) s2=1n[(x1-x)2+(x2-x)2+…+(xn-x)2]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差:方差的算術(shù)平方根 公式:s=s2經(jīng)歷表示數(shù)據(jù)離散程度的幾個量的探索過程,通過實(shí)例體會用樣本估計總體的統(tǒng)計思想,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用能力.通過小組合作,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的合作意識;通過解決實(shí)際問題,讓學(xué)生體會數(shù)學(xué)與生活的密切聯(lián)系.
探究點(diǎn)三:正比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì)已知正比例函數(shù)y=-kx的圖象經(jīng)過一、三象限,P1(x1,y1)、P2(x2,y2)、P3(x3,y3)三點(diǎn)在函數(shù)y=(k-2)x的圖象上,且x1>x3>x2,則y1,y2,y3的大小關(guān)系為()A.y1>y3>y2 B.y1>y2>y3C.y1y2>y1解析:由y=-kx的圖象經(jīng)過一、三象限,可知-k>0即kx3>x2得y10時,y隨x的增大而增大;k<0時,y隨x的增大而減?。鍟O(shè)計1.函數(shù)與圖象之間是一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系;2.作一個函數(shù)的圖象的一般步驟:列表,描點(diǎn),連線;3.正比例函數(shù)的圖象的性質(zhì):正比例函數(shù)的圖象是一條經(jīng)過原點(diǎn)的直線.經(jīng)歷函數(shù)圖象的作圖過程,初步了解作函數(shù)圖象的一般步驟:列表、描點(diǎn)、連線.已知函數(shù)的表達(dá)式作函數(shù)的圖象,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生數(shù)形結(jié)合的意識和能力.理解一次函數(shù)的表達(dá)式與圖象之間的一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系.
解:(1)∵點(diǎn)(1,5)在反比例函數(shù)y=kx的圖象上,∴5=k1,即k=5,∴反比例函數(shù)的解析式為y=5x.又∵點(diǎn)(1,5)在一次函數(shù)y=3x+m的圖象上,∴5=3+m,即m=2,∴一次函數(shù)的解析式為y=3x+2;(2)由題意,聯(lián)立y=5x,y=3x+2.解得x1=1,y1=5或x2=-53,y2=-3.∴這兩個函數(shù)圖象的另一個交點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為(-53,-3).三、板書設(shè)計反比例函數(shù)的圖象形狀:雙曲線位置當(dāng)k>0時,兩支曲線分別位于 第一、三象限內(nèi)當(dāng)k<0時,兩支曲線分別位于 第二、四象限內(nèi)畫法:列表、描點(diǎn)、連線(描點(diǎn)法)通過學(xué)生自己動手列表、描點(diǎn)、連線,提高學(xué)生的作圖能力.理解函數(shù)的三種表示方法及相互轉(zhuǎn)換,對函數(shù)進(jìn)行認(rèn)識上的整合,逐步明確研究函數(shù)的一般要求.反比例函數(shù)的圖象具體展現(xiàn)了反比例函數(shù)的整體直觀形象,為學(xué)生探索反比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì)提供了思維活動的空間.
故最少由9個小立方體搭成,最多由11個小立方體搭成;(3)左視圖如右圖所示.方法點(diǎn)撥:這類問題一般是給出一個由相同的小正方體搭成的立體圖形的兩種視圖,要求想象出這個幾何體可能的形狀.解答時可以先由三種視圖描述出對應(yīng)的該物體,再由此得出組成該物體的部分個體的個數(shù).三、板書設(shè)計視圖概念:用正投影的方法繪制的物體在投影 面上的圖形三視圖的組成主視圖:從正面得到的視圖左視圖:從左面得到的視圖俯視圖:從上面得到的視圖三視圖的畫法:長對正,高平齊,寬相等由三視圖推斷原幾何體的形狀通過觀察、操作、猜想、討論、合作等活動,使學(xué)生體會到三視圖中位置及各部分之間大小的對應(yīng)關(guān)系.通過具體活動,積累學(xué)生的觀察、想象物體投影的經(jīng)驗(yàn),發(fā)展學(xué)生的動手實(shí)踐能力、數(shù)學(xué)思考能力和空間觀念.
首先列表,利用未知數(shù)的取值,根據(jù)一元二次方程的一般形式ax2+bx+c=0(a,b,c為常數(shù),a≠0)分別計算ax2+bx+c的值,在表中找到使ax2+bx+c可能等于0的未知數(shù)的大致取值范圍,然后再進(jìn)一步在這個范圍內(nèi)取值,逐步縮小范圍,直到所要求的精確度為止.(2)在估計一元二次方程根的取值范圍時,當(dāng)ax2+bx+c(a≠0)的值由正變負(fù)或由負(fù)變正時,x的取值范圍很重要,因?yàn)橹挥性谶@個范圍內(nèi),才能存在使ax2+bx+c=0成立的x的值,即方程的根.三、板書設(shè)計一元二次方程的解的估算,采用“夾逼法”:(1)先根據(jù)實(shí)際問題確定其解的大致范圍;(2)再通過列表,具體計算,進(jìn)行兩邊“夾逼”,逐步獲得其近似解.“估算”在求解實(shí)際生活中一些較為復(fù)雜的方程時應(yīng)用廣泛.在本節(jié)課中讓學(xué)生體會用“夾逼”的思想解決一元二次方程的解或近似解的方法.教學(xué)設(shè)計上,強(qiáng)調(diào)自主學(xué)習(xí),注重合作交流,在探究過程中獲得數(shù)學(xué)活動的經(jīng)驗(yàn),提高探究、發(fā)現(xiàn)和創(chuàng)新的能力.
∴OE=OF=OG=OH.又∵EG⊥FH,∴四邊形EFGH為菱形.∵EO+GO=FO+HO,即EG=HF,∴四邊形EFGH為正方形.方法總結(jié):對角線互相垂直平分且相等的四邊形是正方形.探究點(diǎn)二:正方形、菱形、矩形與平行四邊形之間的關(guān)系填空:(1)對角線________________的四邊形是矩形;(2)對角線____________的平行四邊形是矩形;(3)對角線__________的平行四邊形是正方形;(4)對角線________________的矩形是正方形;(5)對角線________________的菱形是正方形.解:(1)相等且互相平分(2)相等(3)垂直且相等(4)垂直(5)相等方法總結(jié):從對角線上分析特殊四邊形之間的關(guān)系應(yīng)充分考慮特殊四邊形的性質(zhì)與判別,防止混淆.菱形、矩形、正方形都是平行四邊形,且是特殊的平行四邊形,特殊之處在于:矩形是有一個角為直角的平行四邊形;菱形是有一組鄰邊相等的平行四邊形;而正方形是兼具兩者特性的更特殊的平行四邊形,它既是矩形,又是菱形.
如圖,課外數(shù)學(xué)小組要測量小山坡上塔的高度DE,DE所在直線與水平線AN垂直.他們在A處測得塔尖D的仰角為45°,再沿著射線AN方向前進(jìn)50米到達(dá)B處,此時測得塔尖D的仰角∠DBN=61.4°,小山坡坡頂E的仰角∠EBN=25.6°.現(xiàn)在請你幫助課外活動小組算一算塔高DE大約是多少米(結(jié)果精確到個位).解析:根據(jù)銳角三角函數(shù)關(guān)系表示出BF的長,進(jìn)而求出EF的長,得出答案.解:延長DE交AB延長線于點(diǎn)F,則∠DFA=90°.∵∠A=45°,∴AF=DF.設(shè)EF=x,∵tan25.6°=EFBF≈0.5,∴BF=2x,則DF=AF=50+2x,故tan61.4°=DFBF=50+2x2x=1.8,解得x≈31.故DE=DF-EF=50+31×2-31=81(米).所以,塔高DE大約是81米.方法總結(jié):解決此類問題要了解角之間的關(guān)系,找到與已知和未知相關(guān)聯(lián)的直角三角形,當(dāng)圖形中沒有直角三角形時,要通過作高或垂線構(gòu)造直角三角形.
如圖所示,要用長20m的鐵欄桿,圍成一個一面靠墻的長方形花圃,怎么圍才能使圍成的花圃的面積最大?如果花圃垂直于墻的一邊長為xm,花圃的面積為ym2,那么y=x(20-2x).試問:x為何值時,才能使y的值最大?二、合作探究探究點(diǎn)一:二次函數(shù)y=ax2+bx+c的最值已知二次函數(shù)y=ax2+4x+a-1的最小值為2,則a的值為()A.3 B.-1 C.4 D.4或-1解析:∵二次函數(shù)y=ax2+4x+a-1有最小值2,∴a>0,y最小值=4ac-b24a=4a(a-1)-424a=2,整理,得a2-3a-4=0,解得a=-1或4.∵a>0,∴a=4.故選C.方法總結(jié):求二次函數(shù)的最大(小)值有三種方法,第一種是由圖象直接得出,第二種是配方法,第三種是公式法.變式訓(xùn)練:見《學(xué)練優(yōu)》本課時練習(xí)“課堂達(dá)標(biāo)訓(xùn)練” 第1題探究點(diǎn)二:利用二次函數(shù)求圖形面積的最大值【類型一】 利用二次函數(shù)求矩形面積的最大值
在Rt△ABC中,AC=AB2+BC2=12+12=2(cm),∴FC=AC-AF=2-1(cm),∴BE=2-1(cm).方法總結(jié):正方形被對角線分成4個等腰直角三角形,因此在正方形中解決問題時常用到等腰三角形的性質(zhì)與直角三角形的性質(zhì).【類型三】 利用正方形的性質(zhì)證明線段相等如圖,已知過正方形ABCD的對角線BD上一點(diǎn)P,作PE⊥BC于點(diǎn)E,PF⊥CD于點(diǎn)F,求證:AP=EF.解析:由PE⊥BC,PF⊥CD知四邊形PECF為矩形,故有EF=PC,這時只需說明AP=CP,由正方形對角線互相垂直平分可知AP=CP.證明:連接AC,PC,如圖.∵四邊形ABCD為正方形,∴BD垂直平分AC,∴AP=CP.∵PE⊥BC,PF⊥CD,∠BCD=90°,∴四邊形PECF為矩形,∴PC=EF,∴AP=EF.方法總結(jié):(1)在正方形中,常利用對角線互相垂直平分證明線段相等;(2)無論是正方形還是矩形,經(jīng)常連接對角線,這樣可以使分散的條件集中.