二、程朱理學(xué):1、宋代“理學(xué)”的產(chǎn)生:(1)含義:所謂“理學(xué)”,就是用“理學(xué)”一詞來指明當(dāng)時(shí)兩宋時(shí)期所呈現(xiàn)出來的儒學(xué)。廣義的理學(xué),泛指以討論天道問題為中心的整個(gè)哲學(xué)思潮,包括各種不同的學(xué)派;狹義的理學(xué),專指程顥、程頤、朱熹為代表的,以“理”為最高范疇的學(xué)說,稱為“程朱理學(xué)”。理學(xué)是北宋政治、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的理論表現(xiàn),是中國古代哲學(xué)長期發(fā)展的結(jié)果,是批判佛、道學(xué)說的產(chǎn)物。他們把“理”或“天理”視作哲學(xué)的最高范疇,認(rèn)為理無所不在,不生不滅,不僅是世界的本原,也是社會(huì)生活的最高準(zhǔn)則。在窮理方法上,程顥“主靜”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“正心誠意”;程頤“主敬”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“格物致知”。在人性論上,二程主張“去人欲,存天理”,并深入闡釋這一觀點(diǎn)使之更加系統(tǒng)化。二程學(xué)說的出現(xiàn),標(biāo)志著宋代“理學(xué)”思想體系的正式形成。【合作探究】宋代“理學(xué)”興起的社會(huì)條件:
1.改善城市環(huán)境:治理河流、控制大氣污染物、大力加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè)為改善城市環(huán)境,上海市全面展開對大氣、河流、噪聲等多方面的治理工作。如蘇州河的治理、降低城市污染物濃度、加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè),截止1990年,市區(qū)綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到20.3%。2.改善城市交通、改善居住條件擴(kuò)寬主干道,修建環(huán)城公路,修筑了南浦大橋和揚(yáng)浦大橋,新修城市高架公路和地鐵,改造住宅。3.控制城市規(guī)模建立衛(wèi)星城,開發(fā)新區(qū),有效地控制城市中心區(qū)的規(guī)模。思考:什么時(shí)候許多國家采取措施保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?你認(rèn)為可以采取哪些措施來保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?上海市保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境的措施:上海的衛(wèi)星城有哪些?上海新建了哪個(gè)新區(qū)?目前浦東新區(qū)在上海的地位如何?建立衛(wèi)星城和開發(fā)新區(qū)可以起到什么作用?上海市為改善交通條件,做了哪些工作?
1.生產(chǎn)上的聯(lián)系:有投入——產(chǎn)出的關(guān)系工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的過程復(fù)雜,工序繁多,往往需要經(jīng)過多家工廠的加工才能完成一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程。因此,在這些工廠之間就存在著產(chǎn)品與原料的聯(lián)系。一家工廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品是另一家工廠的原料,這兩家工廠之間就形成了工序上的工業(yè)聯(lián)系。2.非生產(chǎn)上的聯(lián)系:如地理空間上的聯(lián)系布局在同一個(gè)工業(yè)區(qū)內(nèi),共同利用工業(yè)區(qū)的道路、供水、供電、通信等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及其他生產(chǎn)、生活服務(wù)設(shè)施,或者共同利用當(dāng)?shù)亓畠r(jià)的勞動(dòng)力,形成了空間利用上的工業(yè)聯(lián)系。我國許多地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)就是建立在這種工業(yè)聯(lián)系基礎(chǔ)上的。(二)工業(yè)集聚1.形成具有工業(yè)聯(lián)系的一些工廠往往近距離地聚集起來,形成工業(yè)集聚現(xiàn)象。2.工業(yè)集聚可獲得效應(yīng)(1)工業(yè)集聚可以加強(qiáng)企業(yè)間的信息交流和技術(shù)協(xié)作,降低中間產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用和能源消耗,進(jìn)而降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高生產(chǎn)效率和利潤,取得規(guī)模效益。
①從政府人員組成看,南京政府是一個(gè)以資產(chǎn)階級革命派為主體的政府。②從政府頒發(fā)的法令和措施看,這些法令體現(xiàn)了資產(chǎn)階級民主革命的要求,對于發(fā)展民族資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)、資產(chǎn)階級民主政治和文化教育以及改革社會(huì)風(fēng)氣,都起了積極作用。③從頒布的《中華民國臨時(shí)約法》看,憲法體現(xiàn)了三權(quán)分立的政治體制,體現(xiàn)了資產(chǎn)階級民主主義的要求,是中國歷史上第一部資產(chǎn)階級民主憲法,具有反封建專制制度的進(jìn)步意義。(2)從南京臨時(shí)政府的內(nèi)外政策分析南京政府的根本弱點(diǎn)①未徹底地反封建。它沒有采取比較徹底的反對封建主義的措施,特別是對封建統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ)——地主階級土地所有制沒有觸動(dòng),這樣,南京臨時(shí)政府也就不能真正地把廣大人民群眾動(dòng)員起來,因而缺乏真正的群眾基礎(chǔ)。
①原因:封建制度的衰落(根本原因)【合作探究】清朝資本主義萌芽緩慢發(fā)展的原因。提示:①封建所有制的束縛。殘酷的封建剝削使農(nóng)民赤貧如洗,無力購買手工業(yè)品,限制了手工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的銷路。封建地租的剝削率很高,又驅(qū)使地主和商人把他們的錢財(cái)用于購買土地,影響資本主義手工業(yè)的擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)。②.封建政府的壓制。清政府實(shí)行重農(nóng)抑商的政策,采取了許多妨礙手工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和資本主義萌芽發(fā)展的措施,主要的有:實(shí)行閉關(guān)政策,嚴(yán)格限制海外貿(mào)易;在國內(nèi)廣設(shè)關(guān)卡,對商品征收重稅;嚴(yán)格控制手工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,如建立受官府控制的行會(huì),制定行規(guī)限制雇工人數(shù)、產(chǎn)品品種、控制原料分配,限制產(chǎn)品銷售的價(jià)格和地區(qū)范圍等。②發(fā)展的表現(xiàn):具有資本主義萌芽的部門和地區(qū)增多。(參見教材P10“學(xué)思之窗”)
【本課小結(jié)】本課主要講述了古代中國土地制度的發(fā)展情況。明清的資本主義萌芽,是中國封建社會(huì)內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的新生事物。但資本主義萌芽受到的封建王朝“重農(nóng)抑商”和“閉關(guān)鎖國”政策的阻礙。正是這種“閉關(guān)鎖國”與“重農(nóng)抑商”政策相結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致了資本主義萌芽的緩慢發(fā)展,并使中國與世隔絕,不能及時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)西方先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù),使中國落后于世界潮流,從而埋下了日后落后挨打的禍根?!局悄苡?xùn)練】閱讀下列材料:材料一自耕農(nóng)是封建國家直接剝削的對象。為了保證賦稅、徭役的供應(yīng),封建國家歷來關(guān)注這一階層的存在?!胺€(wěn)定小農(nóng)”是封建王朝長治久安的良策,每一個(gè)新王朝建立時(shí),對此尤為關(guān)注。他們總是采取鼓勵(lì)墾荒等政策,積極培植自耕農(nóng)。誠然,自耕農(nóng)這一階層是很不穩(wěn)定的,經(jīng)常分化。
(2)世界需要中國:中國入世后,為全球提供一個(gè)誘人的大市場。WTO亟須中國帶來新的生機(jī)和平衡。世界需要中國。中國作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家,入世后,其巨大的需求潛力將轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)的購買力,為全球提供一個(gè)誘人的大市場。目前,與世貿(mào)組織成員間的貿(mào)易額占我國外貿(mào)總額的90%,來華落戶的跨國公司多來自世貿(mào)組織成員。世貿(mào)組織幾任總干事先后在不同場合表達(dá)過相同的意愿:WTO亟須中國帶來新的生機(jī)和平衡。2、影響:(1)對世界:促進(jìn)了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,有利于建立完善的世界貿(mào)易體系。(2)對中國:對中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有利有弊,但利大于弊。中國加入世貿(mào)組織,是機(jī)遇也是挑戰(zhàn)。有利:加入世界貿(mào)易組織,促進(jìn)了我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,進(jìn)一步完善了社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。
一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)知識與能力:了解或掌握英國工業(yè)革命的條件和重要發(fā)明及進(jìn)程,掌握工業(yè)革命的影響。分析工業(yè)革命首先發(fā)生在英國的條件和工業(yè)革命的影響,領(lǐng)會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系,經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和上層建筑之間的辯證關(guān)系;分析工業(yè)革命對世界市場發(fā)展的影響,提高材料解析能力;分析世界市場基本形成的影響,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義分析歷史事件的能力。過程與方法:啟發(fā)式談話法,問題探究法:層層設(shè)疑,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,由淺入深地理解知識。聯(lián)系比較法:構(gòu)建知識體系,突出事物特點(diǎn)。情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀:懂得科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力,使學(xué)生尊重科學(xué),熱愛科學(xué);正確認(rèn)識工業(yè)文明的成就與代價(jià),幫助學(xué)生形成正確價(jià)值觀;聯(lián)系中國歷史深刻理解科技興國,深化改革的必要性。二、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)重點(diǎn):英國工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生的原因、工業(yè)革命的主要成就和影響。難點(diǎn):工業(yè)革命對資本主義世界市場發(fā)展的影響。課時(shí)安排:1課時(shí)教具準(zhǔn)備: 多媒體課件以及相應(yīng)教學(xué)資料。
教師活動(dòng):那種“選舉與我無關(guān)”,“選誰都可以”的想法,是公民意識不強(qiáng)、主人翁意識不強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)。那么,怎樣才能行使好自己的選舉權(quán)呢?請同學(xué)們根據(jù)上面的學(xué)習(xí),談?wù)勛约旱南敕āW(xué)生活動(dòng):思考討論教師點(diǎn)評:2、 如何行使好自己的選舉權(quán)(1)要不斷提高自己參與民主選舉的素養(yǎng),端正參加選舉的態(tài)度,提高選舉能力,選出切實(shí)能代表人民利益的人。(2)要增強(qiáng)主人翁責(zé)任感和公民參與意識,積極參加選舉,認(rèn)真行使自己的選舉權(quán)。(3)要不斷提高政治參與能力,在理性判斷基礎(chǔ)上,鄭重投出自己的一票。(三)課堂總結(jié)、點(diǎn)評本節(jié)內(nèi)容講述了我國的選舉方式以及如何珍惜自己的選舉權(quán)利的有關(guān)知識,懂得我國是人民民主專政的社會(huì)主義國家,人民當(dāng)家作主,應(yīng)該增強(qiáng)主人翁責(zé)任感,自覺珍惜并運(yùn)用好選舉權(quán),以促進(jìn)我國的民主政治建設(shè),維護(hù)人民的根本利益。
1、第一,材料一和材料二的選舉方式有什么異同?(1)相同點(diǎn):①都采用了演講和答辯等形式,都帶有競選的性質(zhì);②都采用無記名、直接選舉的方式進(jìn)行投票選舉;③都屬于差額選舉。(2)不同點(diǎn):①材料一是對村主任進(jìn)行的正式選舉,結(jié)果是直接產(chǎn)生村主任,材料二是對鎮(zhèn)長候選人進(jìn)行的選舉,結(jié)果只是確定鎮(zhèn)長候選人,鎮(zhèn)長人選還有待進(jìn)行正式選舉;②材料一是全體村民都參加選舉,材料二是各戶派代表參加選舉;③材料二比材料一更強(qiáng)調(diào)競選的方式。第二,你還知道哪些選舉方式?除了直接選舉外,還有間接選舉、等額選舉、差額選舉等。第三,你能對這幾種選舉方式的意義和效果,作出自己的評估嗎?這是學(xué)習(xí)中要探究的問題,這里不一定能回答出來,等到學(xué)完本框內(nèi)容后,可以得出比較明確的答案。第四,材料三給了你什么啟示?這個(gè)問題不要求統(tǒng)一的答案,能講出一兩點(diǎn)即可。提示如下:(1)新中國成立后,選舉制度經(jīng)歷半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展,正在逐步走向完善;
1. 表示時(shí)間。Hearing these stories, I’m skeptical about the place. = When I heard these stories. . . 2. 表示原因。Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. = Because/Since/As I don’t know his address. . . 3. 表示結(jié)果。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. =. . . and left him a lot of money4. 表示條件。Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. = If you go straight down the road. . . 5. 表示讓步。Being tired, they went on working. =Although they were tired. . . 6. 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. =. . . and stared at the sky for a long time注意:非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí), 如所提供的動(dòng)詞不能和句子中的主語保持一致, 動(dòng)詞-ing形式必須有自己的邏輯主語, 通常由名詞或代詞來擔(dān)任, 這就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. (having gone的邏輯主語是the last bus, 而不是we)Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. (permitting的邏輯主語是time, 而不是the football match)Step 7 Practice1. ________(study) hard, you are sure to get first prize. 2. People use plastic in their daily life, _______(leave) large amounts of waste. 3. ________(work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 4. The old man, ____________(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 5. ______________(finish) his homework, he was playing on the playground. Answers: 1. Studying 2. leaving 3. Working 4.having worked 5. Having finishedStep 8 HomeworkFinish the homework on Page 22.
Example:One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by sending newspapers door to door found that he only had one dime(一角)left. He was so hungry that he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you?” “You don’t owe me anything,” she replied, “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” With these words, Howard Kelly left that house.Years later the woman became badly ill and was finally sent to the hospital in a big city. Dr. Howard Kelly, now famous, was called in. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes. Dressed in his doctor’s clothes, Dr. Kelly went into her room and recognized her at once. From that day on, he gave special attention to her, and decided to do his best to save her life.At last the woman was saved. Dr. Kelly asked the business office to pass the final bill to him. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to the woman’s room. She was afraid to open it because she was sure that it would take the rest of her life to pay for it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention. She read these words: “Paid in full with a glass of milk, Dr. Howard Kelly.” Tear of joy flooded her eyes.
The topic of this part is “Learn to make choices in life”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at the moral dilemmas, and this part is about making choices in life. The heroin is Lin Qiaozhi, a famous medical scientist, made a great contribution to our country’s medical care. Most importantly, her life experience can inspire our students whether in studying or the development of career. she had moral dilemmas and life choices, which are similar to the students who will step into society. Besides, Lin has quite good virtues like kindness, self-improvement, insistence, job-loving , generosity and responsibility, which is worth being learned.Concretely, this article is a biography about Lin Qiaozhi. The article tells her whole life according the timeline, among which the life choices is emphasized. For example, whether married or chased her dream, returned home or stayed abroad, family or public, her choices all reflected her faith, spirit, responsibility and devotion.1. Fast reading to get the detailed information about Lin Qiaozhi; careful reading to do the deductive information.2. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.3. Study the structure features and language features. 4. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.1. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.2. Study the structure features and language features.3. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat are some important life choices?Importance choices: university study, jobs and marriage partners. Because they can determine our future.
1. Ss look at the picture and scan the passage to understand the main idea while teacher is giving the following questions to inspire Ss to think.*Where are those people?*What are they doing?*Why are they so excited?2. Ss complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form. Then discuss and check the answers with class.Answers: boring, interesting, taking, exciting, amazing3. The teacher raises questions for the students to discuss and encourages them to express their opinions.*Do you like La Tomatina? Why or why not?4. Each group representative reports the discussion result, the teacher gives feedback and the evaluation.Step 6 PracticeActivity 41. Ss complete the Ex 2 in Using structures.2. Check the answers after finishing the exercises.①The dragon boat races are the most exciting part of the Dragon Boat Festival.② The children were excited to go Easter egg hunting.③What an amazing performance! This is the best music festival I have ever been to.④We were amazed by her funny-looking hat.⑤His inspiring speech at the conference won the admiration/ favour of the audience.⑥This is a challenging game to test your memory and observation capabilities. 3. T asks Ss to finish Ex 3 and 4 in Using structures by themselves, then check the answers with class.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語和表語的功能和意義;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否在理解文段內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)上下文語境和表達(dá)邏輯,能正確運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞-ing形式描述節(jié)日慶典。3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否歸納和積累用于表達(dá)情緒的相關(guān)詞匯。
*wide range of origins(= a great number of different origins, many kinds of origins)*It featured a parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports. (=A parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports were included as important parts of the Egyptian harvest festival.)*.. some traditions may fade away and others may be established.(= Some traditions may disappear gradually, while other new traditions may come into being.)Step 6 Practice(1) Listen and follow the tape.The teacher may remind the students to pay attention to the meaning and usage of the black words in the context, so as to prepare for the completion of the blanks in activity 5 and vocabulary exercises in the exercise book.(2) Students complete the text of activity 5 by themselves.The teacher needs to remind the students to fill in the blanks with the correct form of the vocabulary they have learned in the text.Students exchange their answers with their partners, and then teachers and students check their answers.(3)Finish the Ex in Activity 5 of students’ book.Step 7 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Discuss the origin of festivals, the historical changes of related customs, the influence of commercial society on festivals and the connotation and essential meaning of festivals.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否結(jié)合文本特點(diǎn)快速而準(zhǔn)確地找到主題句;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否理清論說文的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和文本邏輯,了解節(jié)日風(fēng)俗發(fā)展與變遷,感悟節(jié)日的內(nèi)涵與意義。
該板塊的活動(dòng)主題是“介紹一個(gè)有顯著文化特征的地方”( Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity)。該板塊通過介紹中國城繼續(xù)聚焦中國文化。本單元主題圖呈現(xiàn)的是舊金山中國城的典型景象, Reading and Thinking部分也提到中國城,為該板塊作鋪墊。介紹中國城的目的主要是體現(xiàn)中國文化與美國多元文化的關(guān)系,它是美國多元文化的重要組成部分。中國城也是海外華人的精神家園和傳播中國文化的重要窗口,外國人在中國城能近距離體驗(yàn)中國文化。1. Read the text to understand the cultural characteristics of Chinatown in San Francisco and the relationship between Chinese culture and American multiculturalism;2. Through reading, learn to comb the main information of the article, understand the author's writing purpose and writing characteristics;3. Learn to give a comprehensive, accurate, and organized description of the city or town you live in;Learn to revise and evaluate your writing.Importance:1. Guide the students to read the introduction of Chinatown in San Francisco and grasp its writing characteristics;2. Guide students to introduce their city or town in a comprehensive, accurate and organized way;3. Learn to comb the main information of the article, understand the author's writing purpose, and master the core vocabulary.
The price is the same as(the price was)before the war.價(jià)格與戰(zhàn)前相同。(4)定語從句中的“關(guān)系代詞+助動(dòng)詞be”可以省略。The ticket(that/which was)booked by his sister has been sent to him.他妹妹訂的那張票已送到了他那里。Step 5 PracticeActivity 3(1) Guide students to complete the four activities in the Using Structures part of exercise book, in which activities 1 and 2 focus on ellipsis in dialogue answers, activity 3 focus on signs and headlines, two typical situations where ellipsis is used, and activity 4 focus on ellipsis in diary, an informal style.(2) Combine the examples in the above activities, ask students to summarize the omitted situations in groups, and make their own summary into a poster, and post it on the class wall after class to share with the class.(This step should give full play to the subjectivity of students, and teachers should encourage students to conclude different ellipsis phenomena according to their own understanding, they can conclude according to the different parts omitted in the sentence.)Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the usages of ellipsis;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures of Workbook.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握省略的用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否根據(jù)上下文語境或情景恢復(fù)句子中省略的成分,體會(huì)使用省略的效果;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否獨(dú)立完成練習(xí)冊和導(dǎo)學(xué)案中的相關(guān)練習(xí)。
(2)Consolidate key vocabulary.Ask the students to complete the exercises of activity 6 by themselves. Then ask them to check the answers with their partners.(The first language:Damage of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.A second language: Yunnan - one of the most diverse provinces in China).Step 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the more words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences.2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes.3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better.Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否結(jié)合文本特點(diǎn)了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和作者的寫作邏輯;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否了解舊金山的城市風(fēng)貌、文化特色,以及加利福尼亞州的歷史,體會(huì)多元文化對美國的影響。
七、教學(xué)反思這堂課有眼下看得見的效果和暫時(shí)看不見的長遠(yuǎn)的效果,學(xué)生收益明顯:1.學(xué)生學(xué)到的不只是成語本身。學(xué)生從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上搜集材料,分析整理,不只是學(xué)成語,探究能力也得到提高。對成語的梳理探究,是讓學(xué)生做一件很具體的事——梳理、分析、歸類。重在過程,重在課外、課前學(xué)生的工作。這樣的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)很有價(jià)值,讓學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中得到提高。2.開拓了學(xué)生的眼界。學(xué)生放眼各種報(bào)刊,從報(bào)刊中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題——大家都可能出錯(cuò)。這樣一來學(xué)生的眼界變寬了,自信心增強(qiáng)了。3.對成語的理解、運(yùn)用比過去深刻。讓學(xué)生從對一個(gè)個(gè)具體成語的理解入手,進(jìn)而認(rèn)識到以后用成語不能犯“望文生義”等錯(cuò)誤,從個(gè)例上升到一般。4.讓學(xué)生知道以后自己運(yùn)用成語應(yīng)抱什么態(tài)度,用什么方法。別人錯(cuò)用成語,是前車之鑒。
據(jù)此,研究者認(rèn)為我國的姓源于原始社會(huì)母系氏族時(shí)期,并作為一個(gè)血緣家族的稱號。氏隸屬于姓。夏、商、周時(shí)期,姓氏作為貴族間區(qū)別不同血緣關(guān)系的一種制度。自秦漢以后,姓氏不分,合二而一。3、大家有沒有聽說過《水滸傳》中一個(gè)人物“西門慶”,他姓西門,為什么姓西門呢?他家住在西門這個(gè)地方。大家想想東郭先生為何姓東郭?可見有按居住地而得姓。4、現(xiàn)在如果賦予同學(xué)們一個(gè)神圣的職責(zé),讓你們給一個(gè)人賜姓,這個(gè)人是殺豬殺雞殺鴨的,你們覺得要給他一個(gè)什么樣的姓才合適呢?(自由討論,姓“屠”)明確:這就是姓氏來源的又一種方法,按照職業(yè)取姓。大家想一想有沒有其他按照職業(yè)得姓的姓氏?(巫、卜、陶等)5、大家通過預(yù)習(xí)有沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其他獲得姓氏的方法。(國名、自己祖先的字等。)姓在母系氏族社會(huì)以后,逐漸增多,來源極廣。主要來源于封國名、謚號、爵位名、官名、居地、職業(yè)等。