一、設(shè)計(jì)思路《數(shù)學(xué)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》倡導(dǎo)尊重學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,以自主探究、合作交流為主要學(xué)習(xí)方式。因此,在本節(jié)課中我們充分體現(xiàn)了以學(xué)生為主體的設(shè)計(jì)理念,采用具有我校特色的高效課堂模式“三學(xué)五環(huán)”教學(xué)法,學(xué)生以“自主學(xué)習(xí)-合作探究”的方式進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),從而展示三學(xué)“獨(dú)學(xué)、對(duì)學(xué)、群學(xué)”。在教學(xué)流程上以:“情境導(dǎo)入,引入示標(biāo);自主嘗試;交流展示;精講點(diǎn)撥;當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)”這五大環(huán)節(jié)來引領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)入知識(shí)的殿堂。二、說教材充分領(lǐng)略教材編排意圖,科學(xué)精當(dāng)?shù)胤治鑫谋?,是采用“以學(xué)定教”,實(shí)現(xiàn)“有效教學(xué)”的第一步?!队糜杏鄶?shù)除法解決問題》是人教版小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)二年級(jí)下冊(cè)第67頁的內(nèi)容,它屬于數(shù)與代數(shù)領(lǐng)域。本節(jié)課是在學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了表內(nèi)除法、用豎式計(jì)算除法、有余數(shù)除法的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行教學(xué)的。同時(shí),本課為今后學(xué)習(xí)近似數(shù)、估算進(jìn)行了初步的鋪墊。
重難點(diǎn)依據(jù)人教版數(shù)學(xué)教材新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在吃透教材的基礎(chǔ)上,我確定了掌握異分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法的計(jì)算法則為教學(xué)重點(diǎn),因?yàn)橹挥姓莆樟擞?jì)算法則,才能進(jìn)行計(jì)算。同時(shí),也確定了理解異分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法計(jì)算時(shí)必須先通分的算理為教學(xué)難點(diǎn)。 二、說教法我們都知道數(shù)學(xué)是中國教育中一門必修學(xué)科,因此,從小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)開始,就不僅要使學(xué)生“知其然”,還要使學(xué)生“知其所以然”。我們?cè)谝詭熒葹橹黧w又為客體的原則下,展現(xiàn)獲取理論知識(shí)、解決實(shí)際問題的思維過程。考慮到五年級(jí)學(xué)生的現(xiàn)狀,我主要采取設(shè)置情景教學(xué)法,讓學(xué)生積極主動(dòng)地參與教學(xué)活動(dòng),使他們?cè)诨顒?dòng)中得到認(rèn)識(shí)和體驗(yàn),產(chǎn)生踐行的愿望。當(dāng)然老師自身也是非常重要的教學(xué)資源。教師本人應(yīng)該通過課堂教學(xué)感染和激勵(lì)學(xué)生,調(diào)動(dòng)起學(xué)生參與的積極性,激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)解決實(shí)際問題的渴望,并且要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力,從而達(dá)到最佳的教學(xué)效果。
一、教材分析長方體和正方體的表面積是人教版教材五年級(jí)下冊(cè)第三單元第二章節(jié)的內(nèi)容。本節(jié)課的地位和作用:這部分內(nèi)容是在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了長方體和正方體的認(rèn)識(shí)以及掌握了長方形和正方形面積的計(jì)算方法的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行教學(xué)。教材中各年級(jí)涉及到的內(nèi)容如下:長方體和正方體的表面積這部分內(nèi)容,是在學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)并掌握了長方體和正方體特征的基礎(chǔ)上教學(xué)的。教材為了使學(xué)生更好地建立表面積的概念,加強(qiáng)了動(dòng)手操作,讓每個(gè)學(xué)生拿一個(gè)長方體或正方體紙盒,沿著棱剪開,再展開,觀察展開后的形狀。并分別用“上”“下”“前”“后”“左”“右”標(biāo)明6個(gè)面。這樣,可以使學(xué)生把展開后每個(gè)面與展開前這個(gè)面的位置聯(lián)系起來,更清楚地看出長方體相對(duì)的面的面積相等,以及每個(gè)面的長和寬與長方體的長、寬、高之間的關(guān)系,既讓學(xué)生明確了表面積的含義,又為下面學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算長方體和正方體的表面積做好了準(zhǔn)備。
因此,我從學(xué)生已有的生活出發(fā),尋找例子,幫助學(xué)生理解容積的概念。同時(shí)也多次提供了實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì),讓學(xué)生自己操作實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程,在操作中感知1升、1毫升的大小和容積單位和體積單位之間的關(guān)系。二、說教學(xué)目標(biāo)1、理解容積的概念,認(rèn)識(shí)常用的容積單位,感知1升和1毫升的實(shí)際大小,并掌握容積單位、體積單位間的進(jìn)率。2、通過實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法,使學(xué)生經(jīng)歷探究容積單位、容積單位和體積單位之間的關(guān)系的過程。三、教學(xué)重難點(diǎn):1、建立容積和容積單位概念,知道容積單位和體積單位的關(guān)系。2、會(huì)計(jì)算容積。四、說教法為了使課堂的主人能活躍起來,我用了自主探究式發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、談?wù)摻涣骱蛯?shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的方法進(jìn)行教學(xué),從而也激發(fā)了學(xué)生的積極性和主動(dòng)性。五、說學(xué)法:更多的是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在自主嘗試、觀察、討論和探究中獲取知識(shí)。
3.說教學(xué)重、難點(diǎn)依據(jù)數(shù)學(xué)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),及對(duì)教材的認(rèn)識(shí),我確定了本節(jié)課的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。教學(xué)重點(diǎn):掌握長方體和正方體的特征。教學(xué)難點(diǎn):建立“立體圖形”的空間概念,了解長方體、正方體的關(guān)系。二、說教法根據(jù)幾何知識(shí)的教學(xué)特點(diǎn)、本節(jié)教學(xué)內(nèi)容以及小學(xué)生空間觀念薄弱的特點(diǎn),我將采用以下教學(xué)方法。直觀演示法:利用圖片等手段進(jìn)行直觀演示,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣;觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)法:通過讓學(xué)生觀察長方體、正方體的一些實(shí)物發(fā)現(xiàn)新知,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察概括能力;合作探究法:引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過自主研究、合作討論等活動(dòng)形式來獲取知識(shí)。同時(shí)運(yùn)用多媒體輔助教學(xué),使學(xué)生的觀察能力、抽象概括能力逐步提高。三、說學(xué)法為了使學(xué)生較好地掌握長方體和正方體的特征,并逐步形成空間觀念,除了讓學(xué)生通過觀察來認(rèn)識(shí)長方體和正方體的特征以外,在觀察實(shí)物的基礎(chǔ)上,通過動(dòng)手操作,看一看,摸一摸,數(shù)一數(shù),量一量,做一做來學(xué)習(xí)新知,同時(shí)以此來激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性。
1、教材分析《同分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法》是人教版五年級(jí)下冊(cè)第五單元的內(nèi)容。本節(jié)教學(xué)內(nèi)容包括分?jǐn)?shù)加減法的含義、同分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法的計(jì)算方法和連加、連減三個(gè)部分。這部分內(nèi)容是在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)整數(shù)、小數(shù)加減法的意義及其計(jì)算方法,分?jǐn)?shù)的意義和性質(zhì),以及在三年級(jí)上冊(cè)學(xué)過的簡單的同分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行教學(xué)的。為異分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法的學(xué)習(xí)搭好階梯。2、學(xué)情分析相對(duì)整數(shù)加減運(yùn)算而言,分?jǐn)?shù)的加減運(yùn)算對(duì)于大多數(shù)學(xué)生來說是比較困難的,但是學(xué)生對(duì)簡單的同分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法計(jì)算有一定基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)生已有一定的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),并有一定的分析和解決問題的能力,會(huì)有條理地表達(dá)自己的思考過程。3、教學(xué)目標(biāo)(1)知識(shí)與技能:掌握同分母分?jǐn)?shù)加減法的計(jì)算方法,理解相同單位的數(shù)相加減的算理及含義,并能夠正確熟練地計(jì)算。(2)過程與方法:能夠利用所學(xué)知識(shí)解決生活中的實(shí)際問題,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生應(yīng)用知識(shí)的能力。(3)情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀:通過小組合作學(xué)習(xí),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的合作意識(shí)和學(xué)好數(shù)學(xué)的信心。
2.1Match the country with the language.Step II Reading3a? let the students read the letter fast and answer the questions.? Let the students ask more questions about the letter as possible as the can.Step III Writing3b.Step IV. Pairwork2cStep V Listening2a, 2bStep V. HomeworkExercises book(1) P3Exercises book (2) P3Period FourStep I . Dictate the words and sentences in Unit1.Step II. Self-checkStep III. Check the answers for Exercises book in the unit.Step IV. Home workRevise and preparation for unit 2.教學(xué)反思:通過本單元的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生基本可以談?wù)撊藗兊膰?,居住城市及其所說的語言,通過書信方式去介紹自己并尋找筆友。但在涉及到國外的一些城市時(shí),學(xué)生對(duì)這方面的知識(shí)相對(duì)欠缺,能介紹的城市并不多,也反應(yīng)出學(xué)生課前預(yù)習(xí)不充分,這跟學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)條件也有關(guān),大多數(shù)學(xué)生無法通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲取所需信息。因此,在以后的教學(xué)中要多指導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲取信息,拓寬知識(shí)面。
五、教學(xué)Section B-2c1. Pair work: What do you think of the belt/sunglasses/…? What does your father/mother/… think of your scarf/belt…?2. Group work(1). Teacher shows some different kinds of school uniforms (制服)and asks : “ What do you think of your school uniforms? If you have a chance to choose your school uniforms, what kind would you like to choose?”(2). Discuss in groups.(3).Get some Ss to report in class.說明:這一步旨在讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用已有的語言知識(shí)談?wù)搶?duì)事物的看法和意見,并簡單闡明理由,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)思維能力和運(yùn)用英語的能力。六、教學(xué)拓展調(diào)查電視節(jié)目的收視率任務(wù):調(diào)查你周圍的人對(duì)現(xiàn)在各種電視節(jié)目的反響?;顒?dòng)過程:1.教師布置任務(wù),讓學(xué)生調(diào)查周圍的人(包括他的親戚朋友和鄰居)喜歡收看哪方面的電視節(jié)目。2.學(xué)生進(jìn)行調(diào)查活動(dòng),運(yùn)用本單元所學(xué)的句型What do you think of….? (Why?)What's your favorite game shows?What do you think of talk show?I doesn’t mind it.I like it.I love it.I can’t stand it.3.記錄下排在前10位的TV Program,填寫調(diào)查表,比較其收視率。
教學(xué)過程Step 1: warming-up Sing a song---------“food and drink” Step 2: Revision1 Dictation2 Revise: What kind of noodles would you like?I’d like …What size bowl of noodles would you like?I’d like…Step 3: Presentation1 show pictures of food, ask students say the words.2 Students read the newspaper ad in 3a. Fill in blanks with words in the box. Then read the ad together, the teacher explains some difficult language points.3 Check the answers Step 4 PracticeAsk students to finish 3b in the same way according to 3a. Students read the short passage and fill in the blanks .At last, check the answers.Step 5 productionAsk students to write their own ad for dumplings, noodles, drinks, and other foods they know. Then ask students to read their partner’s ad. Then order food and drink from their partner.Step 6 Home workGroup work – make an ad about “food and drink”
句型: Where did you go on vacation? I went to summer camp.Did she go to Central Park?Yes,she did.No, she didn’t語法:一般過去時(shí)特殊疑問句、一般疑問句及肯、否定回答。課時(shí)安排4課時(shí)第一課時(shí):Section A:la,1b,lc,2a,2b,2c 第二課時(shí):Section A:3a,3b,4第三課時(shí):Section B:1,2a,2b,2c第四課時(shí):Section B:3a,3b,3c,4 and Self Check第一課時(shí)教學(xué)目標(biāo)掌握描寫假期生活的形容詞。假期里自己所做事情的簡單表達(dá)。談?wù)摷倨谧龅氖虑榧爱?dāng)時(shí)情況。談?wù)摷倨跁r(shí)旅游的天氣,旅游者以及食物等。教學(xué)過程一、導(dǎo)入播放一首英文歌曲:Let’s travel 說明:通過讓學(xué)生聽節(jié)奏歡快迪斯尼英語歌曲Let’s travel.引入本節(jié)課談?wù)摰脑掝}vacation and travel. 讓歌曲使學(xué)生的思維活躍,增強(qiáng)課堂氣氛,激發(fā)學(xué)生提高學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣。T:How is the trip ?Ss : It’s pretty good/ happy/exciting /relaxing/busy/dangerous/ fantastic說明:這個(gè)問題是為了操練形容詞。建議讓多個(gè)Ss作答。鼓勵(lì)他們用不同的形容詞。上述個(gè)別形容詞本應(yīng)在第二課時(shí)中出現(xiàn),但可以在warming-up中第一次非正式出現(xiàn)。這些形容詞也可在老師的評(píng)價(jià)語中適時(shí)出現(xiàn),以加深學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的印象。
(1)Have you ever been to …? Yes, I have. / Yes, I have ever been to …No, I haven’t. / No, I have never been to …(2)When did you go there? I went there last year. (3)I have never been to a water park. Neither have I. I have ever been to an amusement park. So have I. (4)How long have you been studying English? I’ve been studying English since nine o’clock. I’ve been studying English since I came back home. I’ve been studying English for five hours. (5)What’s that? It’s an amusement park in Japan. I’ve never been to an amusement park like it before. It’s fun to learn another language. Let’s go tonight. Isn’t this great?space museum, amusement park, water park, South America, Peru, Holland, European culture, tour guide, flight attendant, musical instrument, more than, be from, get to, take lessons, neither, discover, graduate, change
Step 4. Group work (4)1. Ask a pair of students to read the dialogue. Say, This activity provides speaking, listening and writing practice using the target language.2. Ask students to complete the work in groups.3. Check the answers with the whole class. 4. Explain some of the language points. Step 5. Word review (Self check 1)1. Ask students to read the words and the phrases given. 2. Fill in the blanks with proper forms of these words to complete the sentences. 3. Check the answers with the whole class. Homework:Do activity 2 on page 57 after class. Period 6Teaching aims: 1. Teach vocabulary words and the useful expressions. 2. Enable the students to learn etiquette in different culture. 3. Help the students learn how to behave politely in public places and in daily life. Teaching procedures:Step 1. RevisionHelp students to review the function of making requests through a free talk. Then lead them to the topic of etiquette. Explain the meaning of etiquette. Or, ask students to look it up in the dictionary. Step 2. Pre-reading (Section 1)1. Ask students to read the picture and make a list with their partner about how many rules of etiquette can be seen being broken.
Ⅰ. Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularyoversleep(2) Target LanguageWhat happened?I overslept. And by the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.2. Ability Objects(1) Teach the students to use the new words.(2) Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense.(3) Train the students' listening and speaking skills with the target language.3. Moral ObjectIt’s a good habit to go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning. So you’ll never be in a hurry in the morning.Ⅱ. Teaching Key Points1. Key Vocabularyoversleep2. Target LanguageNarrate past events with the Past Perfect TenseⅢ. Teaching Difficult Points1. Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense.2. Train the students to understand the target language in spoken conversation.Ⅳ. Teaching Methods1. Thinking of examples from the students' real lives.2. Making sentences by looking at the pictures.Ⅴ. Teaching AidA tape recorderⅥ. Teaching ProceduresStep I Revision1. Revise the language points in Unit 8.Ask some questions like this: What volunteer work would you like to do?Help the students to answer, I’d like to…/I love to…/I hope to2. Practice the dialogue in Activity 3c on page 62 again. Get students to role play the similar dialogues with the following.
1. 教材分析本單元以how do things affect you?為話題, 從顏色、天氣、音樂、廣告、產(chǎn)品等方面談?wù)摿送饨缡挛锶绾斡绊懭说男那?。要求學(xué)生掌握表達(dá)某物或某事給人帶來的感覺、看法或影響等。共設(shè)計(jì)了四個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容:Section A 該部分有4個(gè)模塊:第一模塊圍繞Which restaurant would you like to go to?這一話題展開思維(1a)、聽力(1b)、口語(1c)訓(xùn)練;第二模塊圍繞How does music affect you? 進(jìn)行聽力(2a-2b)、口語訓(xùn)練(2c);第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞how do colors in the restaurant affect you這一話題展開訓(xùn)練,訓(xùn)練形式為閱讀和問題體驗(yàn)(3a)和小組活動(dòng)(3b);第四模塊仍就How do things affect you這一話題以調(diào)查的形式展開討論。Section B該部分有4個(gè)模塊:第一模塊圍繞產(chǎn)品廣告對(duì)人們的影響這一話題以“配對(duì)”(1a)與“列舉”(1b)兩種形式展開訓(xùn)練;第二模塊繼續(xù)圍繞How do things affect you? 進(jìn)行聽力(2a-2b)、口語對(duì)話訓(xùn)練(2c);第三模塊圍繞“Advertising”這一話題展開閱讀(3a-3b)和寫作(3c)訓(xùn)練;第四模塊圍繞How posters affect you這一話題以口語訓(xùn)練形式展開小組活動(dòng)。
Step Ⅰ RevisionCheck homework. Ask a few students to read the article in 3a.Then ask a few students to read their guides.Step Ⅱ Part 1Look at the words in the box. Ask a student to read them. Make sure the students understand the meaning of the words. You are to fill in the blanks with the words. In some cases, students may need to use another form of the word, for example adjusting for tense or subject/ verb agreement.Ask students to fill in the blanks on their own.Check the answers. Step ⅢPart 2Go through the instructions with the class.Look at the example with the students.Ask students what the answer would be.Ask a student to read the question and answer it.Excuse me, could you tell me where the bank is, please?The bank is across the street from the shopping malt.Get students to complete the work in pairs.Check the answers. Ask a few students to read their questions.Step Ⅳ Just for Fun!Ask all the students to read the conversation. Ask: What is funny about this cartoon? Help students to explain. A Martian is a person from the planet Mars.There is no such thing as Martian food on Earth, and the clerk looks silly because he is trying to think of where there is a Martian restaurant.Invite some pairs of students to present this conversation to the rest of the class.Step Ⅴ Summary and HomeworkIn this class, we’ve done much writing practice using the key vocabulary words and the target language presented in this unit. After class, please finish the questions in 2 in your exercise books. Then finish the exercises on pages 47~48 of the workbook as well.The Seventh Period Ⅰ Teaching Aims and Demands1. Knowledge Objects(1) Key Vocabularyimage, adventure, jealousy, hero, crime, journey, brave, no longer, show interest in, take it easy, become interested in, plain looks(2)Text:Grown-ups like cartoons, too.2. Ability Objects(1) Fast-reading to get a general idea of the text.(2) Careful-reading to get the detailed information in the text.
Talk about offering help (P60)I’ll help clean up the city parks.A: I’d like to work ...B: You could help ...Talk about ways to tell people about the Clean-Up Day (P61)We need to ...We can’t ...I’ll ...Talk about the work the volunteers do (P62)These three students all volunteer their time to help other people.Somebody loves to ... / helps ... / plans to ... / wants to ...A: What do you like doing?B: I like ... A: What kind of volunteer work do you think I could do?B: You could ...1. 重點(diǎn)詞匯advertisement, fix, repair, pleasure, blind, deaf, shut, carry, specially, fetch2. 認(rèn)讀詞匯hunger, homeless, cheer, clean-up, sign, establish, major, commitment, elementary, veterinarian, coach, similar, call-in, strategy, disabled, organization, unable, support, appreciate, donation, part of speech, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, donate, Jimmy, Sally3. 詞組clean up, cheer up, give out, put off, set up, think up, take after, fix up, give away, put up, hand out, work out, at once
教學(xué)目標(biāo):1. 掌握本單元一些重點(diǎn)詞匯的寫法和用法。2. 學(xué)會(huì)自如談?wù)摬妥蓝Y儀。Step 1 RevisionAsk some students to retell the customs at the table in France in the passage in 3a.Step 2 Self checkPart 1. Fill in each bland with the correct word given. Students do the exercises by themselves at first. Then check the answers. Ask the students to comprehend the sentences and help them point out uses of some words, like “arrive (at / in) sw., spend time / money on sth , spend time / money (in) doing sth.”Part 2. Read about Fan Ling’s experience in a western restaurant. Understand the passage. Point out some key points in the passage.1. be / get used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事2. begin with = start with 以….開頭3. crowd v. 擠滿,塞滿 the crowd 人群 crowded adj. 擁擠的Then students discuss about how she would solve her problem. Ask some to share their stories with others.Part 3. Complete the crossword by looking at the sentences on the left. Then check the answers.
教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)有關(guān)描述寵物的詞匯,采用教師提問學(xué)生回答的方進(jìn)行。如:T:What animals do you think would be good pets?What animals do you think would be bad pets?What do you think are good animals for a six-year-old child?然后學(xué)生進(jìn)行 pairwork 練習(xí)。Task two: 師生互動(dòng),學(xué)習(xí)探究 1、播放3a部分的錄音,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生一邊聽錄音,一邊跟讀。2、通過聽錄音學(xué)生回答以下問題:Why do you think pot-bellied pigs are popular?What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping such a pet?教師對(duì)學(xué)生的回答進(jìn)行及時(shí)點(diǎn)評(píng)。3.學(xué)習(xí)范文,學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)短語,為下步的模仿寫作提供語言素材。T :1. )Have you ever kept a pig as a pet?Do you like pigs? St.:No.…Why don’t you like to keep a pig? St: No.They’re too dirty and lazy(Do you know in some foreign countries like Hollyland, Australia,pigs are the most popular pet.there’s a kind of pig.(圖)it has an interesting name? it ‘s called a pot-bellied pig.) Now,let’s learn an article about this kind of interesting pet.2.)play the tapeSt.:Listen and repeat3.)show some Qs on computer(本子St.: read silently,then answerthe Qs(本子)4.)Ask ss. Close book and retell this passage.(what is a pot-bellied pig? Is it a good or bad pet? ) St.: retell it to each other“A pot –bellied pig is a popular pet now…”5.read the article together.St.:.practice reading
思考:洗衣機(jī)脫水時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)速高時(shí)容易甩干衣物,還是轉(zhuǎn)速低時(shí)容易甩干衣物?(2) 制作棉花糖的原理內(nèi)筒與洗衣機(jī)的脫水筒相似,里面加入白砂糖,加熱使糖熔化成糖汁。內(nèi)筒高速旋轉(zhuǎn),黏稠的糖汁就做離心運(yùn)動(dòng),從內(nèi)筒壁的小孔飛散出去,成為絲狀到達(dá)溫度較低的外筒,并迅速冷卻凝固,變得纖細(xì)雪白,像一團(tuán)團(tuán)棉花。5.離心現(xiàn)象的防止在水平公路上行駛的汽車,轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)所需的向心力是由車輪與路面的靜摩擦力提供的。如果轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)速度過大,所需向心力F大于最大靜摩擦力Fmax,汽車將做離心運(yùn)動(dòng)而造成交通事故。因此,在公路彎道處,車輛行駛不允許超過規(guī)定的速度。當(dāng)高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的砂輪或者飛輪內(nèi)部分子間相互作用力不足以提供所需向心力時(shí),離心運(yùn)動(dòng)就會(huì)使他們破裂,甚至釀成事故。
(二)進(jìn)行新課1、動(dòng)能與勢(shì)能的相互轉(zhuǎn)化演示實(shí)驗(yàn)1:如右圖,用細(xì)線、小球、帶有標(biāo)尺的鐵架臺(tái)等做實(shí)驗(yàn)。把一個(gè)小球用細(xì)線懸掛起來,把小球拉到一定高度的A點(diǎn),然后放開,小球在擺動(dòng)過程中,重力勢(shì)能和動(dòng)能相互轉(zhuǎn)化。我們看到,小球可以擺到跟A點(diǎn)等高的C點(diǎn),如圖甲。如果用尺子在某一點(diǎn)擋住細(xì)線,小球雖然不能擺到C點(diǎn),但擺到另一側(cè)時(shí),也能達(dá)到跟A點(diǎn)相同的高度,如圖乙。問題:這個(gè)小實(shí)驗(yàn)中,小球的受力情況如何?各個(gè)力的做功情況如何?這個(gè)小實(shí)驗(yàn)說明了什么?學(xué)生觀察演示實(shí)驗(yàn),思考問題,選出代表發(fā)表見解。小球在擺動(dòng)過程中受重力和繩的拉力作用。拉力和速度方向總垂直,對(duì)小球不做功;只有重力對(duì)小球能做功。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,小球在擺動(dòng)過程中重力勢(shì)能和動(dòng)能在不斷轉(zhuǎn)化。在擺動(dòng)過程中,小球總能回到原來的高度。可見,重力勢(shì)能和動(dòng)能的總和保持不變。即機(jī)械能保持不變。