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新人教版高中英語必修1Welcome Unit-Reading and Thinking教案
Step 2 New WordsUse ppt to show some words from the passage.Tell the students to remember the meanings.Step3 Skimming and Thinking1. Skim the text and decide which order Han Jing follows to talk about her first day. Time order or place order?Time order2. What is Han Jing worried about before she goes to senior high school?She is worried about whether she will make new friends and if no one talks to her, what she should do.Step 4 Fast Reading1. Match the main ideas with each paragraphParagraph 1:The worries about the new school day Paragraph 2Han Jing’s first maths classParagraph 3Han Jing’s first chemistry classParagraph 4Han Jing’s feelings about her first senior school dayStep 5 Careful Reading1. Fill in the chart with the words and phrases about Han Jing’s day. Answers: Senior high school, a little nervous; Her first maths class, classmates and teachers, friendly and helpful; Chemistry lab; new; great; annoying guy; Confident; a lot to explore2. Read the text again and discuss the questions.1) Why did Han Jing feel anxious before school?Because she was a new senior high student and she was not outgoing. What was more, she was worried about whether she can make friends.2) How was her first maths class?It was difficult but the teacher was kind and friendly. 3) What happened in the chemistry class? What would you do if this happened to you? A guy next to Han Jing tried to talk with her and she couldn’t concentrate on the experiment.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案一
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “restrictive relative clauses.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the relative pronouns and relative adverbs. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar, such as the “preposition+ relative pronouns which and whom” and cases where we can omit the relative pronouns. This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning restrictive relative clauses flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.本節(jié)語法思考：定語從句在復(fù)合句中的作用是什么？ 關(guān)系詞有哪些？定語從句在復(fù)合句中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，它在句中作定語修飾名詞或代詞。他們在先行詞和定語從句之間起到聯(lián)系作用，同時在意義上代表先行詞并在定語從句中擔(dān)任一個成分。被定語從句所修飾的詞稱先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about an international youth cultural heritage protection project. More than 20 high school students from seven countries participated in the project. The reporter interviewed two participants Stephanie and Liu Bin. By listening to the text, students can understand the significance of cultural heritage protection, and teenagers can use their knowledge, combine their own interests and advantages, etc. to participate in the action of cultural heritage protection. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "Talk about history and culture". The listening text is a dialogue between two tourists and tour guides when they visit the Kremlin, red square and surrounding buildings. The dialogue focuses on the functional items of "starting a conversation", which is used to politely and appropriately attract the attention of the others, so as to smoothly start a conversation or start a new topic. The purpose of this section is to guide students to understand the history and current situation of Chinese and foreign cultural heritage in their own tourism experiences or from other people's tourism experiences, explore the historical and cultural values, and be able to express accurately and appropriately in oral communication.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to participate in cultural heritage protection activities.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I beg your pardon, but…” “Forgive me for asking, but…" and so on to start the conversation more politely and appropriately.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案二
1. This section focuses on "Understanding how a problem was solved”, which is aimed to guide students to analyze and discuss the challenges and problems faced by cultural heritage protection during the construction of Aswan Dam, as well as the solutions. On the basis of understanding, students should pay attention to the key role of international cooperation in solving problems, and attach importance to the balance and coordination between cultural heritage protection and social and economic development. Students are encouraged to face challenges actively, be good at cooperation, and make continuous efforts to find reasonable ways and means to solve problems.2. Enable students to understand the main information and text structure of the reading text;3. Motivate students to use the reading strategy "make a timeline" according to the appropriate text genre;4. Enable students to understand how a problem was solved;5. Enable students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the topic language about protecting cultural relics and understand the narrative characteristics of "time-event" in illustrative style3. Lead students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案一
The theme of the reading and thinking is about “Understanding how a problem was solved”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking is about international co-work to protect the Mount Tai, in which the students from seven countries came up with many solutions even create the Mount Tai App. This section aims at showing how to solve a difficult and even tough problem about protecting the cultural heritage by the international co-work. So in this section, cultivating students’ international awareness is very clear and important. Concretely, with the economic development, how to balance the protection of cultural relics and social development is a big challenge for human. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build the Aswan Dam across the Nile to control floods, produce electricity and water farms. But the proposal led to protests because it would destroy a lot of cultural relics. The Egyptian had no choice but ask the UN for help. Therefore, a international cooperation about how to protect the cultural relics began, which involved the time length about 20 years and a large amount of fund. Then, the problems was solved. 1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation4. Have the international awareness and understand the great strength of international cooperation.1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline.3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading For Writing教案
This report is short, concise and has typical news content and language features. The title uses the verb phrases, embodying the characteristics of being concise and general. The introduction is the first two sentences in the first paragraph, describing the general situation of the cultural heritage protection project, including time, place, characters, events and other news elements, so that readers can see the main points of the news report at a glance. The main body is the second and third paragraphs, which report the important historical and cultural value of Mogao Grottoes and the production of Mogao Grottoes Material digital photos, which are of great significance to the inheritance of historical culture and the promotion of international cultural understanding, exchange and cooperation. Direct citation is used in the report, as well as background introduction and other news writing techniques.1. Get students to have a good understanding of some features about a news report by reading the text.2. Instruct students to write a summary about a news report properly using some newly acquired writing skills in this period.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.1. Stimulate students to have a good understanding of how to a summary about a news report 2. Cultivate students to write a news report properly and concisely.Step 1: Lead in Do you think it is necessary for us to circulate our cultural heritage to the world? Why or why not?Do we need to learn more about other countries’ cultural heritage? Why or why not?Step 2: Read to discover details concerning the main body of the news report.
新人教版高中英語選修1Unit 3 Fascinating Parks教案
2. Explore the significance of the establishment of Sarek National Park.Q1: Which event is the most important one in the park’s history?Ss: The establishment of Sarek national park in 1909 is the most important one.Q2: Is it worth making a place like Sarek a national park? Give your reasons.Ss: Yes. In this way, the place can be kept in its natural state and natural beauties and other rare and valuable resources can be preserved instead of being destroyed by endless exploitation driven by profits.Q3: How does the writer organize his introduction to the history of Sarek?Ss: The writer organizes his introduction in the sequence of time, using time indicators such as “used to”, “around 9,000 years ago”, “soon after”, “following the reindeer”, and “in 1909”.Q4: What is the feature of the language used to introduce the history of the park?Ss: The introduction to the park is to provide facts, using time indicators to organize the events. Sentences starts with “third person” and passive voice is used more often, feeling objective.【設(shè)計意圖】學(xué)生尋找和梳理公園歷史上的重要事件，體會人與自然的和諧關(guān)系，評鑒介紹性語言的特點?！竞诵乃仞B(yǎng)提升點】發(fā)展自主提取、梳理文本信息能力，訓(xùn)練邏輯思維和高階思維。Activity 3: Highlighting the secret of the text
新人教版高中英語選修1Unit 2 Looking into the Future教案
【設(shè)計意圖】以“新科技是一把雙刃劍”為主題開展討論活動。這個話題比較大，所以給了一定的限制，首先需要以智能家居為例來闡述科技發(fā)展對未來生活產(chǎn)生的影響，然后列舉其優(yōu)點和缺點，最后就以上現(xiàn)象發(fā)表自己的觀點。這個活動是對整個文本的創(chuàng)意性總結(jié)與意義的升華，留給學(xué)生一定的想象空間，學(xué)生借此機會可以運用文本內(nèi)容和語言表達(dá)自己對科技發(fā)展的看法和態(tài)度。Assignments:1. Finish Exercise 4 on Page 15 of the textbook.A smart home is one that integrated computers into the structure of the building itself. In this way, many of the things that we now do ourselves become automatic. For example, the smart home could control the air conditioning and lights so that you would no longer have to turn switches on and off, and so that your home would be more energy-efficient. The smart home could also monitor itself to make sure that everything is working as it should, and send you warnings if there is a problem. Such smart homes could even be programmed to detect your health problems, and then give you reasonable advice as to the food you should eat or if you should see a doctor. So, in a sense, smart homes will lead us to living smarter lives.2.Create a smart function for your home, and share your creation in the next period.
新人教版高中英語選修1Unit 4 Body Language教案
本閱讀材料的話題是交際中的肢體語言，作者從三個方面講述了肢體語言的特征與作用，通過主題句和舉例闡述的方式讓讀者了解不同文化中肢體語言的相同或者不同的意義，并從更抽象、概括的維度深入認(rèn)識肢體語言的特點，理解肢體語言的作用。基于肢體語言的特點，作者提醒讀者在與人交流中，尤其是當(dāng)文化背景有差異的時候，要使用得體的肢體語言，尊重、理解和包容不同的文化，進(jìn)行有效、有素養(yǎng)的溝通。文本共由六個段落組成，篇章結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分”。第一段用簡練的語言引出了話題，并且從我們自身表達(dá)的需要和了解他人感受兩個角度講述了肢體語言的作用。第二段闡述了肢體語言的第一個重要特點——肢體語言在不同的文化中有不同的內(nèi)涵——這也是文中寫作篇幅最大的一個要點，最為重要。通過講述肢體語言的這一特點，作者向讀者傳遞了要尊重不同的文化、要使用與所在文化相宜的肢體語言。
新人教版高中英語選修1Unit 5 Working the Land教案
1. 完成文本主要信息填空（斜體字部分設(shè)空）：As a witness to farmers’ poor harvests and even a severe shortage of food, Yuan Longping was determined to devote his life to tackling this crisis. After graduation, he realized that what farmers needed most was to boost yields in the fields. Yuan was convinced that the answer lay in the creation of hybrid rice, one characteristic of which is that it usually achieve higher output than conventional crops. However, it was no easy job. The first difficulty he needed to overcome was scientists’ general assumption that this could not be done. Through trial and error, Yuan managed to generate this incredible crop. It is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China was comprised of crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains. His innovation has enabled Chinese farmers to considerably expand their output and helped feed the world. Unwilling to retire early to a life of leisure and unconcerned about celebrity or fortune, Yuan continues to turn one vision after another into realities.2. 模仿寫作：Do some research via the Internet and introduce another agricultural scientist, Chen Risheng（陳日勝）, using the structure, expressions and writing techniques you have learnt from the text “A Pioneer for All People”.【設(shè)計意圖】任務(wù)1是對文本內(nèi)容和詞匯學(xué)習(xí)成效的檢測。任務(wù)2借助文本中學(xué)到的詞匯和寫作手法仿寫另一位科學(xué)家，提升學(xué)生遷移運用詞匯、文體結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作方法的能力。
新人教版高中英語選修4Unit 1 Science Fiction教案
本活動旨在落實課時教學(xué)目標(biāo)2。 1.Think, discuss and share. Students form groups of 4, discuss about the given ending make comments. Q1: Do you like the ending? Q2: Was it a logical ending? Why so or why not? [設(shè)計意圖]通過引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考、討論、評價，比較個人、同伴所預(yù)測的結(jié)局和聽力文本所給定的結(jié)局的異同點，深化對文本的認(rèn)知，發(fā)展學(xué)生的評判性思維能力。 Activity 4: Exploring Asimov’s three laws of robotics and the purpose of the writing 本活動旨在落實課時教學(xué)目標(biāo)3。 1. Get to know Isaac Asimov’s three laws of robotics. The teacher shares Isaac Asimov’s three laws of robotics. The three laws state that: ①A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. ②A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. ③A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Q: How does Tony’s story relate to the laws? 2. Figure out Isaac Asimov’s purpose of writing Satisfaction Guaranteed. The students express their opinions about the author’s writing purpose. Q: Why did Isaac Asimov write such a story? S: To explore the relationship between robots and humans. [設(shè)計意圖]通過了解艾薩克·阿西莫夫所制定的機器人三大定律，加深學(xué)生對文本的理解，深入探究文本的主題意義。推理作者的寫作目的，聯(lián)系生活實際，思考人類與機器人的關(guān)系。
小班語言教案童謠《九月九》
2、通過兒歌，懂得要關(guān)心老人，要對老人有禮貌。準(zhǔn)備：1、課前幫助幼兒了解一些有關(guān)重陽節(jié)的知識。2、爺爺奶奶笑哈哈的圖片。過程：一、導(dǎo)入：（出示圖片）引起幼兒的興趣。師：圖上有誰呀？（爺爺奶奶）他們怎么啦？（他們笑了）師：他們?yōu)槭裁葱δ?？（請小朋友說一說）師：原來他們要過節(jié)了，所以笑得那么開心。
二年級數(shù)學(xué)下冊第九單元數(shù)學(xué)廣角推理教案
1，猜一猜 師：這里有一個盒子，盒子里有一朵花，誰能猜出這朵花是什么顏色的？盒子里的花兒的顏色是確定的，為什么你們會有那么多不同的答案？ ……師：好，老師給一個提示：紅色和黃色。會是什么顏色呢？師：要想準(zhǔn)確猜出球的顏色，有一個統(tǒng)一的答案，怎么辦？ 師：滿足你的愿望，第二個提示：不是紅色的。2、猜球游戲： 小朋友看，老師這里有一個白色和一個黃色的乒乓球，現(xiàn)在把它們放到盒子里，我們一起來玩一個猜一猜的游戲，好嗎？ 師：我摸出其中一個，你猜猜是什么顏色的球呢？師：猜得準(zhǔn)嗎？老師給你們一些提示吧：我摸出的不是黃球，那我摸出的是什么顏色的球？你是怎么猜的？師：那盒子里面的是什么顏色的球呢？你是怎么猜的？小朋友們很聰明，根據(jù)老師的提示能準(zhǔn)確地判斷出球的顏色，這種方法就是我們今天要學(xué)習(xí)的簡單的推理。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中地理必修2第一章第三節(jié)人口合理容量教案
生：環(huán)境承載力是指環(huán)境能持續(xù)供養(yǎng)的人口數(shù)量。師：對了。但是有同學(xué)仍然會感到這是一個很抽象的概念。下面我們具體來了解什么是環(huán)境承載力。我們可以從兩個部分去理解：一、環(huán)境，它主要是指環(huán)境的單個要素（如：土地、水、氣候、植被等。）及其組合方式。二、是承載力，它指在特定的條件下，具體某事物能承受的某種活動的最大值。那環(huán)境承載力的科學(xué)定義是怎樣表達(dá)的呢？生：環(huán)境承載力是指某一時期，某種狀態(tài)條件下，某地區(qū)環(huán)境所能承受的人類活動作用的閾值。師：很對。 我們可以用一個生動的例子來說明。一只木桶里面的水的多少在底面積固定不變的情況下是由哪塊木板來決定？生：最短的那塊。師：確實如此。這就是我們平常所講的 “木桶效應(yīng)”。那影響環(huán)境承載力的大小也是由環(huán)境個要素里面最緊缺的那個要素來決定的。下面我們用一個例子來印證一下。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中地理必修2第三章第一節(jié)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)位的選擇教案
1.澳大利亞混合農(nóng)業(yè)地域在生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)營方式、科技應(yīng)用、農(nóng)業(yè)專業(yè)化和地域化等方面有哪些特點？2.在澳大利亞混合農(nóng)業(yè)地 域形成的過程中，有哪些區(qū)位因素在起作用？學(xué)生發(fā)言，教師適當(dāng)引導(dǎo)、評點并作講解。[教師提問]：那么，澳大利亞的墨累—達(dá)令盆地的區(qū)位因素有什么不足之處？知識拓展：課件展示澳大利亞大分水嶺的雨影效應(yīng)的形成原理及東水西調(diào)示意圖。[教師講解]：澳大利亞東南部受大分水嶺的影響，降水集中于大分水嶺的東側(cè)，在其西側(cè)形成山地的雨影效應(yīng)，降水豐富地區(qū)與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)地區(qū)分布不一致，灌溉成為澳大利亞農(nóng)牧業(yè)發(fā)展的限制性條件。因此，澳大利亞對水利工程建設(shè)很 重視，東水西調(diào)促進(jìn)了墨累—達(dá)令盆地農(nóng)牧業(yè)的發(fā)展。[課堂小結(jié)]：這節(jié)課我們學(xué)習(xí)了農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)位選擇的基本原理。 通過學(xué)習(xí)我們了解到，農(nóng)業(yè)的區(qū)位選擇實質(zhì)上就是對農(nóng)業(yè)土地的合理利用。
人教版高中地理必修3第三章第一節(jié)能源資源的開發(fā)教案
山西省總結(jié)出了許多重點工礦區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)模式，即圍繞煤田的露天開采區(qū)、居民點和主要交通線建設(shè)區(qū)，通過工程及生物措施，結(jié)合土地的復(fù)墾，充分利用廠礦的人力、財力和科技優(yōu)勢，建立集約經(jīng)營的高效蔬菜、水果及肉蛋奶生產(chǎn)基地(圖3．13)。1．說一說圖中各種工程及生物措施的作用。點撥：參考圖3.13圖中各工程及措施的作用：（1）隔離護(hù)壩：主要作用是將采掘區(qū)與河流隔開，以免河水流入采掘區(qū)。（2）排水溝：主要作用是引開可能進(jìn)入采掘區(qū)的雨水或其他水源。（3）公路緊靠采掘區(qū)，方便運輸車輛就近從工地上公路。（4）“固沙草方格”，即在流沙表面用麥草、稻草扎成1×1米的草方格，使流沙不易被風(fēng) 吹起，達(dá)到阻沙、固沙的目的，并在草方格上栽種沙蒿、花棒、籽蒿、擰條等沙生植物，建立起旱生植物帶，營造擋沙樹林。
人教版高中地理選修2我國的三個經(jīng)濟(jì)地帶教案
1、 下列四組地形中，全部屬于西部大開發(fā)區(qū)域的是（）A.江南丘陵——阿爾泰山——云貴高原——祁連山B.柴達(dá)木盆地——天山——江南丘陵——云貴高原C.準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地——云貴高原——青藏高原——橫斷山D.塔里木盆地——云貴高原——黃土高原——太行山2、“西氣東輸”工程起始于（）A.哈密盆地B.塔里木盆地C.柴達(dá)木盆地D.吐魯番盆地3、 西部地區(qū)正在大力發(fā)展水電事業(yè)，其中已經(jīng)建成并在最近開始向上海輸送電能的水電站是（）A.二灘水電站B.丹江口水電站C.龍羊峽水電站D.新安江水電站4、目前進(jìn)入西藏地區(qū)主要依靠公路。下列四條進(jìn)藏公路中，海拔最高的是（）A.青藏公路B.川藏公路C.滇藏公路D.新藏公路5、青藏鐵路將經(jīng)過三江源（長江、黃河、瀾滄江之源）地區(qū)。下列關(guān)于該地區(qū)地理環(huán)境特點的敘述，正確的是（）A.山高坡陡，地勢起伏大B.太陽輻射強，日照時間長，熱量充足C.氣溫低，牧草矮，生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱D.積雪冰川多，水資源和水能資源豐富
人教版高中地理選修3第二章第三節(jié)我國的旅游資源教案
2．對世界遺產(chǎn)的開發(fā)與保護(hù)原則——保護(hù)第一我國的世界文化遺產(chǎn)、世界文化與自然雙遺產(chǎn)具有時代性、不可再生性和不可替代性，我國的世界自然遺產(chǎn)都代表著某一類地質(zhì)地貌中最重要的歷史演化過程，展示了我國獨特的地質(zhì)地貌和生物資源。世界遺產(chǎn)的開發(fā)與保護(hù)之間存在一定的矛盾。我們必須堅持保護(hù)第一的原則。旅游開發(fā)只是世界遺產(chǎn)的功用之一，必須十分慎重，做到保護(hù)與開發(fā)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一，不能造成對世界遺產(chǎn)的任何破壞。案例②我國第一個世界文化與自然雙遺產(chǎn)——泰山通過學(xué)習(xí)案例②，了解到：①泰山不僅具有科學(xué)價值較高的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造，還具有多樣的地貌景觀，罕見的天象景觀，豐富的生物資源。泰山自古以來即被譽為名山，受到皇家和百姓的頂禮膜拜，各朝各代幾乎都進(jìn)行過封禪行為，從而留下了深厚的歷史文化遺存，這一點跟其他名山相比是獨一無二的。
人教版高中地理選修3第三章第二節(jié)旅游景觀欣賞的方法教案
【課標(biāo)要求和解讀】1．課標(biāo)內(nèi)容：舉例說明旅游景觀的觀賞方法?；顒咏ㄗh——結(jié)合自己的旅游經(jīng)歷，交流欣賞旅游景觀的體驗。2．課標(biāo)解讀：要正確欣賞旅游資源，首先要以了解旅游資源的不同類型和景觀特點為前提，并且對中外著名旅游景點有必要的了解；不同旅游景觀形成原因不同，所以欣賞方法不同；了解欣賞旅游景觀的主要方法——了解景觀特點、選擇合適的觀察位置、把握有利的觀察時機、洞悉景觀的文化定位和歷史內(nèi)涵、激發(fā)健康的審美情趣?！窘虒W(xué)目標(biāo)和要求】1. 知識目標(biāo)：明確旅游景觀的描述和欣賞是多角度的，掌握不同景觀的一般欣賞方法——了解景觀特點、精選點位、把握時機、洞悉文化定位。2. 能力目標(biāo):初步學(xué)會不同的地文景觀、氣象景觀、水域景觀的正確的欣賞方法。3. 德育目標(biāo)：培養(yǎng)審美情趣，提高審美素質(zhì)；激發(fā)學(xué)生探索神奇大自然的興趣；鞏固學(xué)生熱愛自然和祖國大好河山的感情。
人教版高中地理選修3第三章第一節(jié)旅游景觀的審美特征教案
2．古建筑美：主要有城池、宮殿、陵墓、寺院、樓閣、橋、塔、民居等。古建筑美的形式主要表現(xiàn)在序列組合、空間安排、比例尺度、造型式樣、色彩裝飾等方面。3．自然景觀中的人造景物（如民俗風(fēng)情美、書畫、雕塑藝術(shù)美等）在自然景觀中，增加一些人造景物(人工美)，如亭臺樓閣、橋梁、寺廟等，本來是為了實用，如半山建亭，是為了游人途中休息，水上架橋是為了方便游覽，但建造者按照美的規(guī)律，精心設(shè)計建造、精心裝飾，有的還請著名書畫家題寫匾額楹聯(lián)，使之不僅具有實用性，而且具有審美意義。它與自然景物形成一個統(tǒng)一的整體，構(gòu)成絢麗多姿的風(fēng)景美。圖3．6城市雕塑圖為位于蘭州城南黃河之濱的巨型雕塑——《黃河母親》。三、自然美與人工美的統(tǒng)一現(xiàn)今仍保持著原始形態(tài)的自然地域已經(jīng)越來越少了。古今中外眾多的自然景觀都留有人工的痕跡。使這些人工痕跡與自然相映成趣，需要人們從和諧美的角度去巧妙安排。