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新人教版高中英語必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教學設計
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
新人教版高中英語必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Listening&Speaking&Talking教學設計一
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “talking about how to become an astronaut”. This period is aimed to inform students some details about the requirements of being an astronaut. Students can be motivated and inspired by the astronauts. Teachers ought to encourage students to learn from them and let them aim high and dream big.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "talk about life in space". This part also informs students more details about life in space and can inspire students to be curious about this job. 1. Guide students to listen for numbers concerning dates, years and ages etc2. Cultivate students' ability to talk about how to become an astronaut and life in space ; 3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “ first of all, I am not sure, so what might be .. I guess.. I wonder…I am curious…)appropriately.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to become a qualified astronaut and describe the life in space.Part 1: Listening and SpeakingStep 1: Lead inPredictionThe teacher can ask students to predict what the listening text is about by looking at the pictures.About how to become an astronaut./the requirements of an astronautStep 2: Then, play the radio which is about an interview a. And after finishing listening for the first time, the students need to solve the following tasks.
新人教版高中英語必修3Unit 5 The Value of Money-Listening &Speaking教學設計
Step 4: Listen again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1 It was the first time Chen Liyan's story was reported. T口 F口2 Chen found 10,000 yuan in a small plastic bag in Taiyuan railway station口 F口3 Wang Zheng apologized to Chen because he couldn't offer her more money. T口 F口4 Chen took out a large loan to cure her daughter, T口 F口5 Wang set up a fundraising website for Chen's daughter after Chen told him about her situation. T口 F口Step 5：After listening, discuss the questions.1 What kind of person do you think Chen Liyan is?Chen Liyan is generous and honest because she returned a large sum of money to the owner.2 Did Chen return the money because she didn't need it?No. She returned the money because it was the right thing to do. Evidence for this is that she refused to accept the reward money because she felt that it had not been earned. 3 Is it common for people to do what Chen did?It depends on the culture. In some countries it is quite common to return money that has been found. In other countries, people believe "Finders are keepers!" 4 How did Wang Zheng feel about the return of his money?He must have been very happy and relieved to have gotten his money back. We know this because he thanked Chen repeatedly and even offered her a reward.5 Why did Ma Dongbao tell Wang about Chen's family?He must have had great sympathy for Chen and her daughter and wanted to help them.'We know this because he arranged help for them. 6 How did the news reporter feel about Chen's actions?The news reporter felt that it showed that money wasn't the most important thing in life. We know this because the reporter told us that this is what Chen believes. and then said, “that's a great attitude to take."
新人教版高中英語必修3Unit 5 the value of money-Reading For Writing教學設計一
【參考范文】Narrator：(Henry is smiling as he leaves the restaurant. As he is walking down the street, he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to get it cut. )H＝Henry；B＝Barber；R＝rude manH：Good afternoon, I'd like to get a cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry's hair and continues cutting another man's hair. )Er, I'd really like a haircut. As you can see it's much too long. B：(in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H：Fine, well I'll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber's chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B：It's quite expensive here, you know！Are you sure you can afford it?H：Yes. I think so. (In comes the rude man. )R：Hey you there. I need a haircut quickly. Can you do me straightaway?B：All right, then, get in the chair and I'll see what I can do. R：Thank you. (sits down in one of the barber's chairs)H：Excuse me, but I was here first. Aren't you going to do my hair first?B：This man's in a hurry. H：Well so am I！I insist that you cut my hair first. B：OK, but I'll have to be quick. This gentleman is waiting. H：Thank you. (They both become quiet. After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B：Why, Mr . . . (looks shocked)H：Adams. Henry Adams. I'm sorry, I don't have any change. R：You're that Mr Adams! Well，I'm glad I waited or I might never have known it was you. B：Why, Mr Adams, please don't worry！(wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about！Nothing at all!Please come back any time, even if you only need too little hairs cut！It will be my honour to serve you!
新人教版高中英語必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Reading for Writing教學設計一
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
人教版高中政治必修4第十二課實現(xiàn)人生的價值教案
有的學者還指出，要堅持集體主義還必須將集體主義的價值精神與社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的要求結合起來，批判地繼承計劃經(jīng)濟時代倡導的集體主義，合理地對其進行體系結構的調整和內容的更新，形成新的集體主義。與傳統(tǒng)的集體主義相比，這種新的集體主義應具有如下兩個主要特點。其一，強調集體的出發(fā)點是為了維護集體成員的正當個人利益。傳統(tǒng)的集體主義具有片面強調集體至上性、絕對性的弊端；新的集體主義必須依據(jù)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的現(xiàn)實要求，將集體應當對個人承擔的義務加以科學的闡釋。真正的集體應該維護各個集體成員的個人利益，實現(xiàn)組成集體的各個主體的自我價值。這種新型的集體主義是對社會主義市場經(jīng)濟條件下社會關系的真實反映，既與個人主義有本質區(qū)別，也不同于傳統(tǒng)的集體主義。其二，要體現(xiàn)道德要求的先進性與廣泛性的統(tǒng)一。
人教版高中地理必修1第五章第二節(jié)自然地理環(huán)境的差異性教案
【補充說明】我們這節(jié)課簡要地分析了陸地環(huán)境的三種地域分異規(guī)律。實際上，世界上的任何事物有其一般性，也有它的特 殊性。在地帶性分異規(guī)律的基礎上，陸地環(huán)境因為受到海陸分布、地形 起伏等因素的影響，也會出現(xiàn)一些不規(guī)律的現(xiàn)象，這種現(xiàn)象稱為非地帶性。例如，我們在初中地理中學過綠洲。還記得什么叫綠洲嗎？再比如，在南美洲的西海岸（太平洋沿岸），有一條狹長的（熱帶）荒漠帶，而缺少熱帶草原帶，熱帶雨林帶主要是分布在赤道以北地區(qū)。這主要是受大的地形起伏的影響。因為南美洲西部是一列高大的安第斯山脈，受其影響，兩邊的氣候狀況不同，所以就出現(xiàn)了分布規(guī)律不同的自然帶，這也是一種非地帶性現(xiàn)象?！究偨Y】有規(guī)律分布的自然帶構成了全球和諧的自然環(huán)境整體。自然帶之間錯綜復雜的、微妙的要素關系，有許多是人類還沒有認識到的。因此，人類不能隨意去破壞任何哪怕是極微小的環(huán)節(jié)，也許它 帶來的影響會是全球性的。保護全球環(huán)境，人人有責。
人教版高中地理必修1第一章第二節(jié)太陽對地球的影響教案
一、知識和技能1．使學生能夠正確認識太陽的基本特征及其外部結構；2．了解太陽能量的來源，理解太陽是地球的主要能量源；3．了解太陽活動（主要是黑子和耀斑）對地球的影響。二、過程和方法1．能通過展示的圖片理解太陽活動增強時會使地球無線電短波通訊受干擾及產生磁暴現(xiàn)象的原因。2.通過對各種資料的觀察以及課前室外的觀測，培養(yǎng)學生獲取地理信息的能力和分析、判斷、推理等邏輯思維能力三、情感、態(tài)度、價值觀培養(yǎng)學生樹立正確的人地觀、科學的宇宙觀，和熱愛科學勇于探索的精神【教學重點】1.知道太陽輻射對地球的影響； 2.知道太陽活動對地球的影響；3.太陽的外部結構和能量來源【教學難點】太陽活動（黑子和耀斑）對地球的影響
人教版高中地理必修3第二章第一節(jié)荒漠化的防治教案
1．根據(jù)下面的圖文資料，說明前蘇聯(lián)墾荒區(qū)土壤風蝕的潛在自然背景。并說明人們的生產活動怎樣加劇了這個過程。點撥：對圖2.16的分析,要知道”墾荒地區(qū)”處于亞歐大 陸的中部偏北的地方,雖處于西風帶但遠離水汽來源,故降水稀少。從其周邊的內陸湖“里?！?、“咸?！钡姆植继攸c，可以推斷，這是一個半荒漠向干草原的過渡地帶，是一個生態(tài)環(huán)境比較脆弱的地區(qū)，其自然地理狀況必定是寒冷、干旱、大風。2．20世紀60年代中期以來，前蘇聯(lián)在總結大規(guī)模墾荒經(jīng)驗教訓的基礎上，采取了一系列綜合防護措施。仔細分析這些措施，你認為該地區(qū)防治荒漠化(土壤風蝕)的主要方向是什么?點撥：要善于將所列四項保護措施逐條進行分析，而后進行歸納，不難找出它們之間的共同的東西，那就是“抗旱、防風、保水、保土、保肥”。3．根據(jù)所學知識，你認為前蘇聯(lián)墾荒區(qū)防治荒漠化的對策與措施可以被我國的哪些地區(qū)所借鑒。
人教版高中政治必修4第二課百舸爭流的思想教案
不可知論是否認人們認識世界或徹底改造世界的可能性的哲學學說。此概念首先由英國的赫胥黎(1825—1895)于1869年提出，不可知論的思想在古代就已產生，歐洲近代的主要代表是休謨和康德。其本質是把人的感覺看作是主觀和客觀之間的屏障而不是橋梁，不承認在感覺之外有確實可靠的客觀外部世界的存在，不懂得認識過程中本質與現(xiàn)象、有限與無限的辯證關系。對不可知論最有力的駁斥是實踐。有時不可知論一詞也用以專指針對宗教教義而提出的一種學說，認為上帝是否存在、靈魂是否不朽是不可知的。2．二元論二元論是認為世界有兩個本原的哲學學說，與一元論相對立，它把物質和意識絕對對立起來，認為物質和意識是兩個各自獨立、相互平行發(fā)展著的實體，誰也不產生誰，誰也不決定誰，都是世界的本原。它的觀點是錯誤的：它肯定精神不依賴于物質而獨立存在，這本身就是唯心主義的觀點；它雖然承認物質是獨立的本原，但在說明物質和精神的關系時，又把精神說成是唯一具有能動性的力量，必然倒向唯心主義。主要代表人物是法國的笛卡兒和德國的康德。
人教版高中政治必修4第二課百舸爭流的思想精品教案
7、人總是按照自己對周圍世界和人生的理解做事。有人認為命由天定，因而身處困境只是消極等待、逆來順受；有人認為人定勝天，因而在困難面前積極奮爭、不屈不撓。以上材料說明（ ）A哲學源于人們對實踐的追問和對世界的思考B世界觀決定方法論，方法論體現(xiàn)著世界觀C哲學不等于自發(fā)的世界觀D哲學是關于世界觀的學說8、世界觀和方法論的關系是（）A世界觀和方法論相互決定B方法論決定世界觀，世界觀體現(xiàn)方法論 C世界觀決定方法論，方法論體現(xiàn)世界觀 D世界觀和方法論相互影響，相互決定9、下列關于哲學、世界觀、具體知識之間聯(lián)系的正確說法是（）A哲學是關于世界觀和具體知識的統(tǒng)一B哲學就是科學的世界觀和具體知識C哲學是關于世界觀的學說，是具體知識的概括和總結D哲學決定世界觀，世界觀決定具體知識10、下列對哲學的認識，不正確的是（）A哲學是關于世界觀的學說B哲學是世界觀和方法論的統(tǒng)一C哲學是理論化、系統(tǒng)化、科學化的世界觀D哲學是對具體知識的概括和總結
人教版高中地理必修1第二章第三節(jié)常見的天氣系統(tǒng)教案
一、知識和技能1．了解鋒面系統(tǒng)、低壓系統(tǒng)、高壓系統(tǒng)的特點2．理解氣旋與反氣旋的形成過程、氣流運動特點，掌握氣旋、反氣旋氣流運動的規(guī)律性3．使學生掌握氣旋和反氣旋控制下的天氣狀況二、過程和方法1．掌握各天氣系統(tǒng)活動規(guī)律和處在不同天氣系統(tǒng)及其不同部位的天氣特點，利用天氣圖進行天氣形勢分析預報2．能夠說明這些天氣系統(tǒng)是如何對所到達地區(qū)的天氣產生影響的，能夠結合當?shù)厍闆r分析學校所在地曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的災害性天氣及其影響下的天氣系統(tǒng)3．通過研究氣旋和反氣旋的形成過程，使學生初步具備研究問題的方法與步驟4．通過對冷鋒與暖鋒天氣系統(tǒng)的對比分析來實現(xiàn)學生地理綜合分析能力的提高。通過對鋒面氣旋的分析來建立地理空間思維的習慣三、情感、態(tài)度、價值觀1．通過本節(jié)課學習，讓學生懂得學科學、愛科學，獻身氣象事業(yè)，為“四化”建設服務
人教版高中地理必修1第二章第四節(jié)全球氣候變化教案
氣候變化對健康的影響 氣候變化對人體健康的不良影響是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)的：熱浪沖擊頻繁加重可致死亡率及某些疾病、特別是心臟呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病發(fā)病率增加；對氣候變化敏感的傳染性疾病如瘧疾和登革熱的傳播范圍可能增加。極端氣候事件, 如干旱、水災、暴風雨等, 使死亡率、傷殘率及傳染病疾病率上升, 并增加社會心理壓力。某些媒介疾病的加重也可能與氣候變化有間接的關系, 如瘧疾是通過蚊子傳播的疾病,氣候變化可能使某些變暖地區(qū)的蚊子數(shù)目增加, 從而加重了瘧疾的發(fā)生。我國1994年瘧疾的發(fā)病率為5.3408/10萬, 居全國法定傳染病的第六位。血吸蟲病的發(fā)展與高溫及灌溉系統(tǒng)的擴增有關。我國1994年南方12省市血吸蟲病患者的檢出率高達3.67%，不能忽視氣候變化對此的可能影響。還有一些疾病，如睡眠病、登革熱、黑熱病等也有與氣候關系的報道。另外, CO2、一些空氣污染物如氮氧化物、臭氧等可增加過敏疾患及心臟呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病和死亡。
人教版高中地理必修1第四章第二節(jié)山岳的形成教案
一、明確課標要求1.了解褶皺的概念和褶皺的基本形態(tài)；2.了解褶皺山的形成和褶皺山的基本形態(tài)特征；3.能夠在不同的示意圖中識別和判讀背斜與向斜；4.知道和理解斷層的概念和斷塊山的形成，了解斷塊山的基本形態(tài)特征；5.知道火山的形成、結構和規(guī)模。二、教學目標知識目標：1.結合具體圖像，了解褶皺山的形成及基本形態(tài)特征。2.能在示意圖上識別和判斷背斜和向斜。3.理解內外力共同作用下形成的“背斜成谷，向斜成山”，并能夠明白其形成的原因。4.能夠結合實例，理解斷塊山的形成及基本特征。5.知道火山的形成、結構和規(guī)模。過程與方法目標：1.結合實例，分析造成地表形態(tài)變化的內力、外力因素。2.通過案例，嘗試聯(lián)系實際，培養(yǎng)動手演示、判讀圖像、比較、分析、歸納的能力。
人教版高中地理必修3第四章第二節(jié)區(qū)域工業(yè)化與城市化教案
從右圖“進出口貿易占全國的比重”可看出，珠三角地區(qū)的外向型經(jīng)濟特征很明顯，但正在緩慢的發(fā)生轉變；而長三角地區(qū)的外貿依存度在10年內迅速增長。由此可見，珠三角地區(qū)城市化過程，是伴隨著該地特殊的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展相對自發(fā)地快速推進，缺乏宏觀而理性的規(guī)劃。閱讀通過此閱讀材料，使學生大致了解以下內容深圳作為珠江三角洲地區(qū)迅速城市化的一個典型代表，到目前為止，對其未來發(fā)展道路的構想，主要集中在：如何聯(lián)合和依托臨近區(qū)域、聯(lián)合優(yōu)勢資源，擴大發(fā)展空間；如何明確功能，重新定位，合理分工，突出特色?；顒娱L江三角洲地區(qū)城市的協(xié)調發(fā)展1．讀圖4．28，如果按人口規(guī)模>500萬人、100萬～500萬人、50萬～100萬人、20萬～50萬人和<20萬人將城市分為五級的話，分析長江三角洲地區(qū)城市的等級規(guī)模結構是否合理，這對其城市的協(xié)調發(fā)展有何影響?
人教版高中地理必修3第五章第二節(jié)產業(yè)轉移教案
1．閱讀圖5．16，說明產業(yè)向國外轉移對日本經(jīng)濟的不利影響。點撥：圖5．16直觀的顯示了產業(yè)轉移對日本經(jīng)濟的不利影響：形成“產業(yè)轉移出去的多，轉移進來的少→國內生產投資不足，生產困難→市場萎縮→產業(yè)向外轉移，外資不愿進入”的惡性循環(huán)。2．盡管重化工業(yè)的環(huán)境污染比較嚴重，但是卻能為工業(yè)化的發(fā)展提供堅實的基礎，因此成為發(fā)達工業(yè)的象征。日本、韓國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展都經(jīng)歷了由輕工業(yè)(勞動密集型)到重化工業(yè)(資源密集型和資金密集型)到高科技工業(yè)(技術密集型)的階段。(1）為什么日本、韓國在重點發(fā)展重化工業(yè)之前，要先發(fā)展勞動密集型工業(yè)?點撥：重化工業(yè)的發(fā)展一方面需要有一定的工業(yè)基礎和技術工人，另一方面需要投入大量的資金，先發(fā)展勞動密集型工業(yè)有利于利用勞動力資源豐富且廉價的優(yōu)勢，積累資金和造就產業(yè)工人。所以，勞動力豐富的發(fā)展中國家或地區(qū)的工業(yè)化往往從優(yōu)先發(fā)展勞動密集型工業(yè)開始。
部編版英語七年級上總復習知識點教案
2.陌生人初次見面打招呼What’s your name?(What’s = What is)Alan./I’m Alan./My name is AlanMiller.(first name,last name = family name)Are you Helen?Yes, I am.Niceto meet you.(這里的Iam 不能縮寫)Nice to meetyou, too.What’s his name?His name isJim.Is she Linda?
人教版高中語文必修3《語文學習的自我評價》教案
一、語文學習中學生自我評價能力的培養(yǎng)1．營造氛圍，培養(yǎng)學生自我評價的意識。學生自我評價能力是教師長期培養(yǎng)的結果，而保護學生自我評價的熱情，更是持續(xù)自我評價的保證。在我們的實際教育教學中，教師一直處于評價的絕對主體，很少去關注學生自我評價意識和能力的培養(yǎng)，學生常常不理解：為什么要認真聽講？為什么書寫要工整、為什么發(fā)言要積極？為什么老師、父母對考試分數(shù)會有那么高的要求？當前出現(xiàn)的學生許多諸如“離家出走”、“毒殺親人”等教育、行為、品德方面的問題，我想其中除了家長、教師的評價意識和評價藝術等原因之外，學生的自我評價意識的缺乏是根本的原因。所以我認為，學生自我評價意識的培養(yǎng)刻不容緩。（1）熱情鼓勵，提供成功的心理體驗。在教學過程中，教師要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)、肯定學生自我評價的點滴進步，對于他們每一點進步都要真誠熱情地鼓勵。讓學生覺得我這么做，這么想是對的。讓學生在教師的鼓勵中體會到強烈的愛，感受到自己的進步，增強自己的信心?！靶娜粼?，夢就在！”教師的熱情鼓勵是一種強大的催化劑，促使學生在學習中樂于自我評價。
人教版高中語文必修3《交際中的語言運用》教案3篇
知識與技能1、指導學生初步掌握稱謂語、禁忌語、委婉語等交際語言；2、指導學生根據(jù)具體的語境條件運用不同的交際語言，達到交際目的。過程與方法1、通過故事或習題分析，掌握有關交際語言的一些知識；2、講練結合，有所積累。情感、態(tài)度與價值觀點燃學生繼承中華傳統(tǒng)文化的熱情，以得體的交際語言營造良好的人際環(huán)境。教學重點根據(jù)交際中運用語言的要求，引導學生根據(jù)不同的語境條件恰當?shù)乇砬檫_意。教學難點通過課內探索延伸至課外，積累關于交際中的語言運用的一些知識。教學課時：一課時教學過程一、導入利用一道口語交際訓練題引入本節(jié)課要探究的內容。例1：下面的場合，如果班長既想達到批評的目的，又想把話說得委婉些，表達恰當?shù)囊豁検牵–）小李和小楊，為了一點小事，兩人自習課上大聲地爭吵起來。這時，班長說：A、你們這樣大聲爭吵，影響很壞。B、你們這樣大聲爭吵，難道不感到羞恥吧？
人教版高中語文必修4《語言生活的歷史進程》教案
交談時雙方的空間距離也有一定講究。和朋友談話、和陌生人談話、和異性談話、招呼長者和上級，都需要有一個合適的距離。如果上級故意“縮減”與下級人員通常談話時的距離，那是表示對下級的關切。說話的時候需要一面想，一面說，為了控制說話的主動權，免得被別人插人、打斷，人們可以使用“唔”“啊”之類的音節(jié)，表示“話還沒有說完，你別著急”之類的意思?？瞻滓脖硎疽馑迹谡f唱藝術中，什么時候停頓，停多久，都有講究，以便使交際更有成效。這就是說，空間和時間的因素也在交際中得到了適當?shù)倪\用。所以，各種伴隨動作也是交際的工具。它們一般都是在語言的基礎上產生的。即使像“察顏觀色”這一類特定的交際方式，也必須有語言的交際為基礎，預先有了一定的了解，對方才能領會?？傊?，在上述的種種交際工具當中，身勢等伴隨動作是非語言的交際工具；旗語之類是建立在語言、文字基礎之上的輔助性交際工具；文字是建立在語言基礎之上的一種最重要的輔助交際工具；