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人教版新目標初中英語八年級下冊What were you doing when the UFO arrived教案2篇
(一).知識方面: 1.培養(yǎng)學生能運用過去進行時來描述、談論過去某個時間正在發(fā)生的事情或動作的意識和能力，能就過去某個時間正在發(fā)生的動作做出正確的描述。 2.培養(yǎng)學生的想象力和角色扮演的合作能力。 3.培養(yǎng)學生講述過去發(fā)生的事情經(jīng)過的能力。能正確運用一般過去時來講述故事。 (二).技能方面: 1.本單元的語言目標是Talk about past events and tell a story（談論過去的時間和講述一個故事），圍繞這一目標，要涉及句型： What were you doing when the UFO arrived? ----I was sitting in the barber’s chair. The barber was cutting my hair. 因此必須學習standing、studying、cleaning、sleeping、cooking、making、eating、cutting、等表示地點的詞，以便為上述句型提供語言材料。2.學習過去進行時的有關知識。Was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞，是該時態(tài)的表達式。 3.在學習過程中，要區(qū)分The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.和While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.這兩種由when和while引導的狀語從句的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。注意它們的不同。
人教版新目標初中英語八年級下冊Why don’t you get her a scarf教案
教師帶領學生復習有關描述寵物的詞匯，采用教師提問學生回答的方進行。如：T：What animals do you think would be good pets？What animals do you think would be bad pets？What do you think are good animals for a six-year-old child？然后學生進行 pairwork 練習。Task two: 師生互動，學習探究 1、播放3a部分的錄音，引導學生一邊聽錄音，一邊跟讀。2、通過聽錄音學生回答以下問題：Why do you think pot-bellied pigs are popular？What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping such a pet？教師對學生的回答進行及時點評。3．學習范文，學習重點短語，為下步的模仿寫作提供語言素材。T :1. )Have you ever kept a pig as a pet?Do you like pigs? St.:No.…Why don’t you like to keep a pig? St: No.They’re too dirty and lazy(Do you know in some foreign countries like Hollyland, Australia,pigs are the most popular pet.there’s a kind of pig.(圖)it has an interesting name? it ‘s called a pot-bellied pig.) Now,let’s learn an article about this kind of interesting pet.2.)play the tapeSt.:Listen and repeat3.)show some Qs on computer(本子St.: read silently,then answerthe Qs(本子)4.)Ask ss. Close book and retell this passage.(what is a pot-bellied pig? Is it a good or bad pet? ) St.: retell it to each other“A pot –bellied pig is a popular pet now…”5.read the article together.St.:.practice reading
人教版新目標初中英語八年級下冊Would you mind turning down the music教案
Step 4. Group work (4)1. Ask a pair of students to read the dialogue. Say, This activity provides speaking, listening and writing practice using the target language.2. Ask students to complete the work in groups.3. Check the answers with the whole class. 4. Explain some of the language points. Step 5. Word review (Self check 1)1. Ask students to read the words and the phrases given. 2. Fill in the blanks with proper forms of these words to complete the sentences. 3. Check the answers with the whole class. Homework:Do activity 2 on page 57 after class. Period 6Teaching aims: 1. Teach vocabulary words and the useful expressions. 2. Enable the students to learn etiquette in different culture. 3. Help the students learn how to behave politely in public places and in daily life. Teaching procedures:Step 1. RevisionHelp students to review the function of making requests through a free talk. Then lead them to the topic of etiquette. Explain the meaning of etiquette. Or, ask students to look it up in the dictionary. Step 2. Pre-reading (Section 1)1. Ask students to read the picture and make a list with their partner about how many rules of etiquette can be seen being broken.
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes教案2篇
Step 1 Greeting Greet the class and check the homeworkStep 2 A duty report The S on duty gives a report on the rules in his home and lead in 3a “Sun Fei’s and Wu Yu’s rules” Step 3 ReadingSs read the conversation and write the two girls’ rules in the chart. Check the answers.Get Ss to read after the tape and then read aloud by themselves. Then, T explains the language points.Step 4 Pairwork 3bRole play. Use the information in chart to practice with the conversation in 3a covered. They can look at the sample conversation in the right box.Step 5 Task 2 “Who’s the best reporter?”Make a survey by asking any 5 students the questions in the chart in activity 4. Then give out a report about it. See who is the best reporter? And the best reporter will get a nice ball-pen.Step 6 Summary and homework:Write out the report in your exercise-books.Period ThreeStep 1 Greeting and a duty reportThe S gives a duty report talking about his experience of being late for school. Lead in the question “Do you ever get to school late? How often do you get to school late? Always, usually, sometimes, or never?Step 2 1a Get Ss to finish writing.Step 3 Pairwork 1b Get Ss to talk about their answers with their partners using the sample conversation in the box on the right.Step 4 Listening practice2a Lead-in: What will happen if you get to school late? What about Peter? Let’s listen to a conversation between Peter and his father. Get Ss to finish 2a (As usual, for the first time, Ss only listen.) Check the answers.
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊I like music that I can dance to教案
教學目標: 1. Express preferences2. Talk about one’s likes and dislikes and the reasons3. Learn to express one’s opinions 4. Learn to write a reply 語言功能： 1) Talk about one’s preferences, using t he relative clause2) Talk about people’s likes and dislikes and the reasons3) Talk about opinions語言結(jié)構(gòu)： Relative clauses with that and who語言目標：What kind of music do you like?I like music that I can sing along with.I love singers who write their own music.We prefer music that has great lyric.重點詞匯及短語：heart, photography, interest, class, whatever, miss, okay, expect, sweet, taste, itself, laboratory, cancer, increase, biscuit, main, care， prefer… to…, remind somebody of …, dance to, sing along with, be sure to, interest somebody, make somebody adj., to be honest, suit somebody, on display, catch up教學重難點：What do other people think of the different kinds of things? How to express one’s opinions? 學習方式：討論，合作學習情感目標：通過本單元的學習，能提高學生的藝術(shù)鑒賞能力和審美情趣，并引導學生養(yǎng)成健康的飲食習慣。課時安排5課時第一課時：Section A: 1a-2c第二課時：Section A : 3a-4第三課時：Section B:1-2c, Self check2第四課時：Section B: 3a-4, Self check1第五課時：Self check ReadingI like music that I can dance to.
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊I used to be afraid of the dark教案
內(nèi)容提示1．本單元主要內(nèi)容是學會used to結(jié)構(gòu)。Used to +動詞原形表示過去經(jīng)常、以前常常，只用于過去式中，用來表示現(xiàn)在已不存在的習慣或狀態(tài)。例如：They used to play football together．他們過去常在一起蹋足球。（現(xiàn)在不在一起踢了)2．used to的疑問形式和否定形式為Did you use to…?和I didn’t use to… 也可以用Used you to…?和I used not to…但現(xiàn)在多使用前者。例如：Did you used to swim in the river? 你過去常在河里游泳嗎?I didn’t use to play the piano． 我以前并不經(jīng)常彈鋼琴。教學目標一、學習目標（Language Goal） 1．學會陳述自己過去常做的事情。2．學會陳述自己過去的愛好等。3．能夠表達自己現(xiàn)在和過去在外表、性格、娛樂等方面的變化。4．能夠表達朋友、家人等現(xiàn)在和過去的變化。二、語言結(jié)構(gòu)（Language Structures） 1．I used to be short when I was young. 我年輕時個子很矮。 2． —Did you use to have straight hair? 你過去是直發(fā)嗎？—Yes, I did. 是的。 3． —Did you use to play the piano? 你過去彈鋼琴嗎？—No, I didn’t. 不，我不彈。 4．I used to be afraid of dark. 我過去害怕黑暗。 5．I’m terrified of the snakes. 我害怕蛇。
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊How do you study for a test教案2篇
內(nèi)容提示本單元主要內(nèi)容是學會利用verb十by／with gerund表示方式方法來討論學習英語的策略，認識自己在學習方面的長處和不足。初步了解現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法?，F(xiàn)在完成時由助動詞have／has+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，主要表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響或造成的后果，常與already，yet，just，ever，never等副詞連用。教學目標一、學習目標（Language Goal） 1. Talk about how to study . 學會討論各種學習方法和策略。2. Find out your suitable learning methods. 找出適合自己的學習方法。 二、語言結(jié)構(gòu)（Language Structures） 1. Verb + by with gerund by＋動名詞短語 表示“通過…途徑，方法” 2. How questions have引導的特殊疑問句 三、目標語言（Target Language） 1. How do you study for tests ? 你是怎樣準備考試的？Well , I study by working with my classmates. 哦，我和同學們一起學習。2. Have you ever studied with a group ? 你曾經(jīng)參加過學習小組嗎？Yes , I have . I’ve learned a lot that way . 是的，參加過。通過這種方式我學了許多。
人教版新目標初中英語九年級下冊By the time I got outside, the bus had already left教案
Ⅰ． Teaching Aims and Demands1． Knowledge Objects（1） Key Vocabularyoversleep（2） Target LanguageWhat happened?I overslept． And by the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower．2． Ability Objects（1） Teach the students to use the new words．（2） Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense．（3） Train the students' listening and speaking skills with the target language．3． Moral ObjectIt’s a good habit to go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning． So you’ll never be in a hurry in the morning．Ⅱ． Teaching Key Points1． Key Vocabularyoversleep2． Target LanguageNarrate past events with the Past Perfect TenseⅢ． Teaching Difficult Points1． Train the students to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense．2． Train the students to understand the target language in spoken conversation．Ⅳ． Teaching Methods1． Thinking of examples from the students' real lives．2． Making sentences by looking at the pictures．Ⅴ． Teaching AidA tape recorderⅥ． Teaching ProceduresStep I Revision1． Revise the language points in Unit 8．Ask some questions like this: What volunteer work would you like to do?Help the students to answer, I’d like to…/I love to…/I hope to2． Practice the dialogue in Activity 3c on page 62 again． Get students to role play the similar dialogues with the following．
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊It must belong to Carla教案
一、Section A該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊圍繞Whose volleyball is this? 這一話題展開思維（ 1a）、聽力（1b）、口語（ 1c）訓練；第二模塊圍繞上一模塊中的話題進行聽力（ 2a-2b）、口語訓練（ 2c）；第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞前兩個模塊中的“making inferences”展開訓練。訓練形式為閱讀排序（ 3a）和兩人問答（3b）；第四模塊仍就上一話題展開討論。二、Section B該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊要求根據(jù)圖畫和所提供的單詞寫出合理的句子；第二模塊在聽力（ 2a-2b）和分角色口語訓練（ 2c）的基礎上，繼續(xù)進行“推測”訓練; 第三模塊圍繞“Strange events in Bell Tower neighborhood”這一話題展開閱讀（ 3a）和寫作（3b -3c）訓練；第四模塊以dream為話題展開小組活動。三、Self Check該部分有3個模塊。第一模塊以填空形式對所學詞匯進行訓練；第二模塊就8個諺語展開閱讀和討論。
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊Where would you like to visit教案2篇
The First PeriodⅠ．Teaching Aims and DemandsKnowledge Objects（1） Key Vocabularytiring, educational, fascinating, thrilling, peaceful, exotic, trek, jungle, take it easy, explore, historic, site（2） Target LanguageWhere would you like to go on vacation?I’d like to trek through the jungle, because I like exciting vacations．2． Ability Objects（1）Train students to talk about places they would like to visit with the target language．（2）Train students to describe vacations with different adjectives．（3）Train students' listening skill．3． Moral Object,It′s more interesting to go on vacating somewhere instead of staying at home．Ⅱ． Teaching Key Points1． Key Vocabularytiring, educational, fascinating, thrilling, peaceful, exotic, trek, jungle, take it easy, explore, historic, site2． Target LanguageTalk about different places with the target language．Ⅲ． Teaching Difficult Points1． Describe vacations with different adjectives．2． Talk about different places with the target language．Ⅳ． Teaching Methods1． Teaching by illumination2． Teaching by doing chain drills3． Teaching by pairworkⅤ． Teaching Aids1． A tape recorder2． Some pictures of different places with famous views
人教版新目標初中英語九年級下冊Rainy days make me sad教案
1. 教材分析本單元以how do things affect you？為話題, 從顏色、天氣、音樂、廣告、產(chǎn)品等方面談論了外界事物如何影響人的心情。要求學生掌握表達某物或某事給人帶來的感覺、看法或影響等。共設計了四個部分的內(nèi)容：Section A 該部分有4個模塊：第一模塊圍繞Which restaurant would you like to go to?這一話題展開思維（1a）、聽力（1b）、口語（1c）訓練；第二模塊圍繞How does music affect you? 進行聽力（2a-2b）、口語訓練（2c）；第三模塊繼續(xù)圍繞how do colors in the restaurant affect you這一話題展開訓練，訓練形式為閱讀和問題體驗（3a）和小組活動（3b）；第四模塊仍就How do things affect you這一話題以調(diào)查的形式展開討論。Section B該部分有4個模塊：第一模塊圍繞產(chǎn)品廣告對人們的影響這一話題以“配對”（1a）與“列舉”（1b）兩種形式展開訓練；第二模塊繼續(xù)圍繞How do things affect you? 進行聽力（2a-2b）、口語對話訓練（2c）；第三模塊圍繞“Advertising”這一話題展開閱讀（3a-3b）和寫作（3c）訓練；第四模塊圍繞How posters affect you這一話題以口語訓練形式展開小組活動。
人教版新目標初中英語九年級下冊Could you please tell me where the restrooms are教案
Step Ⅰ RevisionCheck homework． Ask a few students to read the article in 3a．Then ask a few students to read their guides．Step Ⅱ Part 1Look at the words in the box． Ask a student to read them． Make sure the students understand the meaning of the words． You are to fill in the blanks with the words． In some cases, students may need to use another form of the word, for example adjusting for tense or subject/ verb agreement．Ask students to fill in the blanks on their own．Check the answers． Step ⅢPart 2Go through the instructions with the class．Look at the example with the students．Ask students what the answer would be．Ask a student to read the question and answer it．Excuse me, could you tell me where the bank is, please?The bank is across the street from the shopping malt．Get students to complete the work in pairs．Check the answers． Ask a few students to read their questions．Step Ⅳ Just for Fun!Ask all the students to read the conversation． Ask: What is funny about this cartoon? Help students to explain． A Martian is a person from the planet Mars．There is no such thing as Martian food on Earth, and the clerk looks silly because he is trying to think of where there is a Martian restaurant．Invite some pairs of students to present this conversation to the rest of the class．Step Ⅴ Summary and HomeworkIn this class, we’ve done much writing practice using the key vocabulary words and the target language presented in this unit． After class, please finish the questions in 2 in your exercise books． Then finish the exercises on pages 47～48 of the workbook as well．The Seventh Period Ⅰ Teaching Aims and Demands1． Knowledge Objects（1） Key Vocabularyimage, adventure, jealousy, hero, crime, journey, brave, no longer, show interest in, take it easy, become interested in, plain looks（2）Text:Grown-ups like cartoons, too．2． Ability Objects（1） Fast-reading to get a general idea of the text．（2） Careful-reading to get the detailed information in the text．
人教版新目標初中英語九年級下冊I’ll help clean up the city parks教案
Talk about offering help (P60)I’ll help clean up the city parks.A: I’d like to work ...B: You could help ...Talk about ways to tell people about the Clean-Up Day (P61)We need to ...We can’t ...I’ll ...Talk about the work the volunteers do (P62)These three students all volunteer their time to help other people.Somebody loves to ... / helps ... / plans to ... / wants to ...A: What do you like doing?B: I like ... A: What kind of volunteer work do you think I could do?B: You could ...1. 重點詞匯advertisement, fix, repair, pleasure, blind, deaf, shut, carry, specially, fetch2. 認讀詞匯hunger, homeless, cheer, clean-up, sign, establish, major, commitment, elementary, veterinarian, coach, similar, call-in, strategy, disabled, organization, unable, support, appreciate, donation, part of speech, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, donate, Jimmy, Sally3. 詞組clean up, cheer up, give out, put off, set up, think up, take after, fix up, give away, put up, hand out, work out, at once
人教版新目標初中英語九年級下冊We’re trying to save the manatees教案2篇
本單元主要圍繞著有關瀕臨滅絕的動物這一話題，學習了應該怎樣保護我們的環(huán)境，以及就某一問題展開辯論。目標提示語言目標能夠運用所學知識，就某一問題展開辯論。認知目標1、復習一些語法：現(xiàn)在進行時、一般現(xiàn)在時、用used to 表示一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。2、學會表達同意和不同意。3、學會以下基本句型：We’re trying to save the manatees.Manatees eat about 100 pounds of food a day.There used to be a lot of manatees.In 1972,it was discovered that they were endangered.Some of the swamps have become polluted.情感目標了解一些瀕臨滅絕的動物的生活習性和瀕臨滅絕的原因，教育學生應該如何保護環(huán)境。教學提示充分利用多媒體等教學設備，創(chuàng)設與本課話題相關的情境，如各種不同種類的動物、動物園以及有關環(huán)境的畫畫等等。圍繞著本單元的教學目標，設計一些貼近學生實際的教學任務，如讓學生談論自己最喜歡的動物，如何拯救瀕危動物，如何保護環(huán)境等等。讓學生根據(jù)所學知識，就動物園是否對動物有利以及其他的話題進行辯論。
人教版新目標初中英語九年級下冊You’re supposed to shake hands教案
教學目標：1. 掌握本單元一些重點詞匯的寫法和用法。2. 學會自如談論餐桌禮儀。Step 1 RevisionAsk some students to retell the customs at the table in France in the passage in 3a.Step 2 Self checkPart 1. Fill in each bland with the correct word given. Students do the exercises by themselves at first. Then check the answers. Ask the students to comprehend the sentences and help them point out uses of some words, like “arrive (at / in) sw., spend time / money on sth , spend time / money (in) doing sth.”Part 2. Read about Fan Ling’s experience in a western restaurant. Understand the passage. Point out some key points in the passage.1. be / get used to doing sth. 習慣做某事2. begin with = start with 以….開頭3. crowd v. 擠滿，塞滿 the crowd 人群 crowded adj. 擁擠的Then students discuss about how she would solve her problem. Ask some to share their stories with others.Part 3. Complete the crossword by looking at the sentences on the left. Then check the answers.
人教版高中歷史必修2戰(zhàn)后資本主義的新變化教案2篇
1、知識與能力：（1）識記：20 世紀 50 ～70 年代國家干預經(jīng)濟的政策、 70年代的經(jīng)濟“滯脹”“混合經(jīng)濟”；福利國家；第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展；“新經(jīng)濟”的出現(xiàn)；（2）理解當代資本主義的新變化的實質(zhì)是資本主義的自我揚棄，是在資本主義內(nèi)部的自我改善，是資本主義生產(chǎn)關系的自我調(diào)整；（3）掌握以美國為代表的主要資本主義國家在戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展歷程，分析各國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的共同原因。2、過程與方法：（1）引導學生利用教材和相關史料，培養(yǎng)歸納、再現(xiàn)歷史事件的能力，提高學生的歷史思維能力；通過討論提高學生的思辨能力，培養(yǎng)學生全面客觀地分析問題的思維方式。（2）學生通過觀察1977年發(fā)達國家國有經(jīng)濟比重表，懂得提取有效信息、分析數(shù)據(jù)的能力；（3）學生通過思考討論西方福利制度的利弊，培養(yǎng)全面、客觀分析和比較歷史現(xiàn)象，辯證地觀察和分析歷史問題的能力。
人教版高中歷史必修3從“師夷長技”到維新變法教案
4、維新思想推動下的變法運動雖然失敗了。但這是中國近代真正意義上的一次思想解放潮流，為什么？展開：維新派提倡西學，興民權(quán)，對封建專制制度和傳統(tǒng)觀念進行了沖擊，促進了中國人民的覺醒，為資產(chǎn)階級民主思想的傳播奠定了基礎，具有思想解放的啟蒙作用。是一次救亡圖存的愛國運動，也是一次發(fā)展資本主義的改革運動；他們提倡資產(chǎn)階級新學，批判封建主義舊學，引導人們重新認識世界，他們痛感民族危機的嚴重，號召人們奮起救國，謀求國家的獨立富強；給古老的中國社會注入的活力是不可低估的，站在歷史長河的高度看，由傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)耕社會向近代工業(yè)社會轉(zhuǎn)變是一股不可抗拒的歷史潮流，盡管它在19世紀末的中國遭到了暫時挫折，但對清朝的封建專制統(tǒng)治卻是一次巨大的強烈的沖擊波，它留下的痕跡是永不磨滅的，是永遠鼓舞與啟迪后人的。
人教版高中政治必修3文化創(chuàng)新的源泉與作用教案
（三）呼喚文化創(chuàng)新的時代(板書)１.人民群眾是文化創(chuàng)造的主體－－(板書)師：【圖片文字展示】--《離騷》、《九歌》、《水滸傳》、《三國演義》均取材自民間，在民間口述文字的基礎上加工形成，所以，我們可以看到，文化創(chuàng)新的主體是誰？生：人民群眾是文化創(chuàng)造的主體師：在新的歷史時期，我們的青少年應該怎么做？生：虛心向人民群眾學習，從人民群眾的偉大實踐和豐富多彩的生活中汲取營養(yǎng)，這是當代中國文化工作者的使命和職責。２.文化工作者必須堅定地走與人民群眾的實踐相結(jié)合的道路－－(板書)３.當代中國文化創(chuàng)作者的使命和職責。（板書）【課堂小結(jié)】通過本節(jié)課的探究學習，我們認識到文化創(chuàng)新的源泉和作用，要求我們虛心向人民群眾學習，從人民群眾的偉大實踐和豐富多彩的生活中汲取營養(yǎng)，刻苦鉆研，銳意創(chuàng)新，為全面建設小康社會而奮斗。
人教版高中政治必修3文化創(chuàng)新的源泉和作用教案
(1)社會實踐是文化創(chuàng)新的源泉實踐，作為人們改造客觀世界的活動，是一種有目的、有意識的社會性活動。人類在改造自然和社會的實踐中，創(chuàng)造出自己特有的文化。離開了社會實踐；文化就會成為無源之水、無本之木，人們不可能從事任何有價值的文化創(chuàng)造?！蟊菊n小結(jié)：1．關于本課邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的宏觀把握：文化創(chuàng)新的源泉和作用這一問題，教材分三個層次展開論證：一是不盡的源泉，不竭的動力；二是巨大的作用，深刻的意義；三是呼喚文化創(chuàng)新的時代。教材運用辯證方法從文化創(chuàng)新的源泉和作用展開論述。即社會實踐是文化創(chuàng)新的源泉，文化創(chuàng)新又推動社會實踐的發(fā)展和促進民族文化的繁榮。教材關于文化創(chuàng)新的途徑問題，從三個層次展開講述：第一個層次是“繼承傳統(tǒng)，推陳出新”；第二個層次是“面向世界，博采眾長”；第三個層次是“堅持正確方向，克服錯誤傾向”。三個層次三個角度，著重于分析每一個層次，然后予以歸納總結(jié)，即采用了分析歸納法，層次清晰，教學目標明確，既便于傳授知識，又便于學生學習時識記、理解和把握。
人教版高中政治必修4第十課創(chuàng)新意識與社會進步教案
2．辯證的否定(1)辯證的否定是事物的自我否定。事物內(nèi)部存在著肯定方面和否定方面，它們既對立又統(tǒng)一。最初，肯定方面處于支配地位，否定方面處于被支配地位。在這種情況下，事物就被肯定著。但是，在矛盾雙方的斗爭中，否定方面總會由弱變強。一旦否定方面由被支配地位上升為支配地位，事物就轉(zhuǎn)化到了自己的對立面，實現(xiàn)了對事物的否定。事物最終之所以被否定，根源在于事物的內(nèi)部，是事物內(nèi)部的否定因素戰(zhàn)勝了肯定因素。因此，事物的否定是自我否定。(2)辯證的否定是事物發(fā)展的環(huán)節(jié)和聯(lián)系的環(huán)節(jié)。所謂發(fā)展，是指新事物的產(chǎn)生和舊事物的滅亡。而實現(xiàn)這一過程必須要對舊事物進行否定，否定實現(xiàn)了事物由舊質(zhì)向新質(zhì)的飛躍。新事物在否定舊事物時，并不是把舊事物全盤拋棄，一筆勾銷。舊事物是新事物的母體，新事物從舊事物那里脫胎而來，新事物是在批判地繼承舊事物中的一切積極的有生命力的因素的基礎上發(fā)展起來的。這樣，在新舊事物之間就存在著必然的聯(lián)系。