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人教版高中語文必修1《論語》教案2篇
【教學(xué)意圖】要了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化，必須閱讀古詩文名著名篇。但在中國文化形成過程中影響最大的是什么？可以說是儒家學(xué)說，包括《論語》這部經(jīng)典?！墩撜Z》等書是讀書人求仕做官的必修課本，是知識分子的思想言行基礎(chǔ)，而且影響到整個社會生活，內(nèi)容包括倫理道德、教育體制、民間習(xí)俗等方面的思想。因此，要了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化，有必要讀一讀《論語》。【教學(xué)設(shè)計】因《論語》的年代已久遠(yuǎn)，對學(xué)生而言，要理解透徹文句是比較深奧困難的，因此必須在充分理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上，對《論語》進(jìn)行思想上的解讀?？捎山處煆摹墩撜Z》中概括出幾點與生活、現(xiàn)實相關(guān)的要點，要求學(xué)生分組進(jìn)行透徹的學(xué)習(xí)和領(lǐng)會，如“小人與君子”、“學(xué)習(xí)的方法”、“教育的理念”等等?！冀虒W(xué)重點、難點〗讀《論語》知儒家思想。〖教學(xué)方法〗講解啟發(fā)、探究梳理、拓展延伸。
人教版高中歷史必修1辛亥革命教案2篇
①從政府人員組成看，南京政府是一個以資產(chǎn)階級革命派為主體的政府。②從政府頒發(fā)的法令和措施看，這些法令體現(xiàn)了資產(chǎn)階級民主革命的要求，對于發(fā)展民族資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)、資產(chǎn)階級民主政治和文化教育以及改革社會風(fēng)氣，都起了積極作用。③從頒布的《中華民國臨時約法》看，憲法體現(xiàn)了三權(quán)分立的政治體制，體現(xiàn)了資產(chǎn)階級民主主義的要求，是中國歷史上第一部資產(chǎn)階級民主憲法，具有反封建專制制度的進(jìn)步意義。（2）從南京臨時政府的內(nèi)外政策分析南京政府的根本弱點①未徹底地反封建。它沒有采取比較徹底的反對封建主義的措施，特別是對封建統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ)——地主階級土地所有制沒有觸動，這樣，南京臨時政府也就不能真正地把廣大人民群眾動員起來，因而缺乏真正的群眾基礎(chǔ)。
人教版高中歷史必修1抗日戰(zhàn)爭教案
【備課資料】百團(tuán)大戰(zhàn)八路軍從8月20日起，在華北敵后出動105個團(tuán)，約40萬兵力，在2500公里長的戰(zhàn)線上，發(fā)動了規(guī)模最大的“以徹底破壞正太路若干要隘，消滅部分?jǐn)橙私財嘣摼€交通”為目的的舉世聞名的“百團(tuán)大戰(zhàn)”。八路軍提出“不留一根鐵軌、不留一根枕木、不留一個車站、不留一個碉堡、不留一座橋梁”的口號，“讓敵人用腳同我們賽跑”，“讓敵人用牛驢搬炮彈、飛機(jī)大炮”。八路軍展開攻堅戰(zhàn)，端掉敵一系列據(jù)點。據(jù)有關(guān)資料記載，從8月20日到12月5日，在歷時三個半月的“百四大戰(zhàn)”中，我軍共進(jìn)行大小戰(zhàn)斗1824次，斃傷日偽軍25800余人，俘日偽軍18600余人，繳獲了大批武器、彈藥和軍用食品等；破壞鐵路470多公里，公路1500多公里，橋梁、車站、隧道等260余處，使正太鐵路停運月余；攻克日偽據(jù)點2993個，鞏固和擴(kuò)大了抗日軍民占領(lǐng)區(qū)。
人教版高中歷史必修1鴉片戰(zhàn)爭教案2篇
1．知識與能力：（1）通過引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析鑒賞19世紀(jì)以來有代表性的音樂與美術(shù)作品，了解這些作品產(chǎn)生的時代背景及其藝術(shù)價值。（2）通過分析世界藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生的歷史背景,可以幫助學(xué)生正確認(rèn)識人類文化的多樣性、時代性和民族性，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生結(jié)合歷史背景分析歷史問題的能力。（3）通過對19世紀(jì)以來的音樂與美術(shù)史實的分析、綜合、比較、歸納、概括等認(rèn)知活動，培養(yǎng)歷史思維和解決問題的能力。2．過程與方法：（1）讓學(xué)生在搜集資料、自主探究、合作交流過程中，發(fā)展學(xué)生在社會中學(xué)習(xí)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)、終身學(xué)習(xí)的能力。（2）通過上網(wǎng)了解藝術(shù)大師及分析鑒賞其各類美術(shù)、音樂作品，感受其藝術(shù)價值。 （3）思維方法：學(xué)會知識遷移，在從感知歷史到不斷積累歷史知識，進(jìn)而不斷加深對歷史和現(xiàn)實的理解過程中，提高分析理解問題能力。學(xué)會善于從不同的角度發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，積極探索解決問題的方法，從而做到論從史出、史論結(jié)合。
人教版高中政治必修1財政收入與支出教案
（2）財政收支平衡是指當(dāng)年財政收入等于支出，或收入大于支出略有節(jié)余，或支出大于收入略有赤字。（3）財政赤字是指當(dāng)年財政支出大于財政收入的部分。赤字意味著要靠借債過日子，有可能導(dǎo)致社會總供給與總需求不平衡，引發(fā)通貨膨脹。必須把財政赤字控制在一定范圍之內(nèi)。教師活動：請同學(xué)們思考教材75頁虛框內(nèi)問題。學(xué)生活動：閱讀課本，認(rèn)真思考，積極發(fā)言教師點評：發(fā)行國債可以增加財政收入，擴(kuò)大政府投資，刺激消費需求，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。但是國債發(fā)行規(guī)模過大，會增加政府還債負(fù)擔(dān)，不利于經(jīng)濟(jì)的長期穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。在經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中，國家可以通過調(diào)整財政收入支出控制經(jīng)濟(jì)運行。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長緩慢時，采取積極的財政政策，增加經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)支出，減少稅收，以刺激需求，拉動經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。反之，當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過熱時，采取緊縮性財政政策，減少財政支出，增加稅收，以抑制社會需求，降低通貨膨脹率，給經(jīng)濟(jì)降溫。
人教版高中政治必修1市場配置資源教案
教師點撥：這則材料說明，市場調(diào)節(jié)有其局限性，單純的市場調(diào)節(jié)具有自發(fā)性、盲目性、滯后性等缺點。市場調(diào)節(jié)不是萬能的。社會生活中有很多領(lǐng)域和產(chǎn)品不能用市場來調(diào)節(jié)，如國防、治安、消防等產(chǎn)品的供給問題，槍支彈藥、麻醉品等都不能讓市場來調(diào)節(jié)。市場調(diào)節(jié)具有自發(fā)性、盲目性、滯后性。自發(fā)性：由于市場調(diào)節(jié)是在價值規(guī)律自發(fā)作用下進(jìn)行的，在利益驅(qū)動下會產(chǎn)生一些違反市場原則的行為，如制造、銷售假冒偽劣商品，大量排放廢水、廢氣破壞環(huán)境，竊取他人智力成果等等。盲目性：由于人們不可能完全掌握生產(chǎn)各方面信息及其變化趨勢，致使決策帶有一定的盲目性。如某種商品有利可圖則一哄而上，反之則一哄而退，從而造成資源浪費和消費得不到充分滿足。滯后性：由于市場價格的形成和傳遞有一個過程，一旦傳遞到生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營者手中進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)調(diào)整，就有一個時間差，致使市場調(diào)節(jié)帶有滯后性，成為一種事后調(diào)節(jié)。
人教版高中政治必修1稅收及其種類教案
教師總結(jié)：近二十多年來，我國個人所得稅的征收發(fā)展迅速，這也反映了我國經(jīng)濟(jì)水平、人民生活收入有了較大提高。與增值稅的計稅方法不同，個人所得稅采用累進(jìn)稅率的計稅辦法，就是個人所得越高，稅率越高，納稅人個人收入越多，繳納個人所得稅越多。這一特點從教材83頁個人所得稅稅率表上可以看出。教師點撥：個人所得稅的計算辦法是分段計算的，個人收入800元以內(nèi)不計稅，多余800元以上部分，按不同稅率分段計稅。請同學(xué)們計算教材所列題目。學(xué)生活動：計算。應(yīng)稅所得額：4000元；不超過500元部分：25元；500――2000元部分：150元；2000――4000元部分：300元；累計所得稅：475元教師活動：同學(xué)們想一想，這樣計算個人所得稅有什么意義呢？學(xué)生活動：認(rèn)真思考，回答問題教師點撥：有利于增加財政收入，有利于調(diào)節(jié)個人收入分配，實現(xiàn)社會公平。（三）課堂總結(jié)、點評
人教版高中政治必修1依法納稅教案
（3）騙稅 騙稅是指納稅人用欺騙手段獲得國家稅收優(yōu)惠的行為。教師活動：請同學(xué)們看教材87頁“相關(guān)鏈接”，了解騙稅行為的特點和法律處罰規(guī)定。學(xué)生活動：認(rèn)真閱讀，積極思考。（4）抗稅 抗稅是指納稅人以暴力、威脅等手段，拒不繳納稅款的行為。教師活動：請同學(xué)們看教材87頁“相關(guān)鏈接”，了解騙稅行為的特點和法律處罰規(guī)定。學(xué)生活動：認(rèn)真閱讀，積極思考。3、公民要增強(qiáng)稅收監(jiān)督意識教師活動：請同學(xué)們看教材88頁“相關(guān)鏈接”，思考公民如何維護(hù)國家稅收工作？學(xué)生活動：認(rèn)真閱讀，積極思考。教師總結(jié)：公民是國家稅收的最終負(fù)稅人，應(yīng)自覺增強(qiáng)稅收監(jiān)督意識，以主人翁的態(tài)度積極監(jiān)督國家公職人員及公共權(quán)力的行為，關(guān)注稅收的征收和使用情況，對他們的違法行為進(jìn)行批評、檢舉，維護(hù)國家利益和自身利益。
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Reading and Thinking教案
Good expressions that students can choose to use: help the travelers choose which tour to take1. In my opinion, you could/might choose…, because you prefer to…2. …could be a perfect choice for you, for…3. As far as I am concerned, you would enjoy…, for…4. …would probably suit you, because you enjoy/love/hate doing…Step 5 Passage ConsolidationLanguage appreciation:1. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. 在接下來的三天里，您可以在當(dāng)?shù)貙?dǎo)游的陪同下，深入雨林進(jìn)行探索，欣賞雨林特有的動植物。本句主體結(jié)構(gòu)為spend some time doing sth. 2. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 印加的建筑工人將石頭切割成精確的尺寸，僅僅憑著石頭間的完美契合，即可穩(wěn)固墻體。本句為so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。nothing與the perfect fit為并列成分; other than在句中意為“除了”。Step 6 HomeworkSuppose you will travel to Peru, write a short essay about your three-day tour plan.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Reading for Writing教案
Is there a clear purpose for the trip? :Does each paragraph have a clear main idea? Does the writer use the present continuous tense for future plans?Does the writer use commas, stops, and question marks correctly? Are all the words spelt correctly?Are all the proper nouns capitalized?Revise your draft according to your partner's comments.Step 5:The summary of how to write a travel plan.旅游計劃是一種常見的應(yīng)用文寫作。旅游可分為觀光游、文化游、美食游及探險游等不同類型，因此旅游計劃也要根據(jù)不同的旅游目的進(jìn)行設(shè)計。常規(guī)的旅游計劃需要明確以下幾個方面的問題:Travel planWhen will you leave for？ Where is your the destination?How will you get there?What will you do there?How long will you there?Is there a clear purpose for the trip? 為了提升旅行計劃的層級，還需注意以下幾個方面的問題:1.每段是否有明確清晰的主題;2.用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；3.用更高級的形容詞詞匯。例如:表達(dá)“好”時，不要總用“nice”,我們還可以用“smart, clean, excellent, exciting, beautiful, wonderful, clever, famous, grand”等表達(dá)更具有指向性的詞匯；4.用更高級的動詞詞匯。比如:我們可以用“seem stand, lie .get stay, remain, look . sound, become . keep, grow”等代替"be";
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 4 Natural Disasters-Listening and Speaking教案
【教材分析】高考聽力材料的選用非常重視語言真實性和交際性的原則，語言材料一般來源于實際生活，對話的內(nèi)容大都取材于日常生活，即衣、食、住、行、工作、學(xué)習(xí)、天氣、生活環(huán)境等話題，可分為校園、公共場所、家庭等方面，如: shopping, finding the way, doing one’s homework, seeing a doctor, making a phone call, weather report, asking for different kinds of information等。新教材的特點就是利用生活中真實文本，只是降低難度，讓學(xué)生注重語言的應(yīng)用，將是我們高考把握方向的重要因素?！窘虒W(xué)目標(biāo)與核心素養(yǎng)】學(xué)習(xí)能力目標(biāo)：在聽力當(dāng)中，學(xué)生應(yīng)該有效規(guī)劃學(xué)習(xí)方法，選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)牟呗耘c方法。這節(jié)課的訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)生有正確的預(yù)測和抓住問題的關(guān)鍵信息，從而用心去聽來找尋關(guān)鍵信息。根據(jù)生活中實際情況和高考常見語境，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)提前預(yù)測和抓住題干中的w很重要，即what, where, when, why等等。
新人教版高中英語必修1Welcome Unit-Discovering Useful Structures教案
II Learn the technical terms-2.1. What can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and objective complement” in a sentence?2. What can be used as “adverbial” in a sentence?3. What can be used as “verb” in a sentence?Answers to questions 1-3:1. Nouns, pronouns and appellations can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and Objective Complement”. Besides, adjectives can be used as “Predicative and Objective Complement” in a sentence.2. Adverbs and prepositional phrases can be used as “Adverbial”.3. Verbs with actual meaning can be used as “Verb” in a sentence. Auxiliary verbs alone cannot be used as “Verb” in a sentence.III Learn to recognize the sentence structures.1. SV structure. For Example:(1) A bird flies.S V(2) A monkey jumps.S V(3) A fish swims.S V√ In SV structures, verbs are “intransitive verbs”.2. SVO structure. For Example:(1) A sheep eats grass.S V O(2) They like bananas.S V O(3) He wants candy.S V O√ In SVO structures, verbs are “transitive verbs”.3. SP structure. For Example:(1) This is great.S P (2) He looks well.S P (3) She became a teacher.S P √ In SP structures, Predicatives are formed by “l(fā)ink verbs” and “adjectives or nouns”.√ link verbs: be, become, grow, look, feel, taste, etc.4. SV IO DO structure. For Example:(1) He asked me a question.S V IO DO(2) Danny wrote me a letter.S V IO DO(3) Billy brought Sam a kite.S V IO DO√ In SV IO DO structures, the verbs are transitive and are followed by two objectives – pronouns or nouns as Indirect Objective, and nouns as Direct Objectives.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 4 Natural Disasters-Reading & Thinking教案
5. Read to get detailed information about Paragraph 5.Q1. What shows the revival of Tangshan?Q2. How can Tangshan revive itself and get up on its feet again?Q3. In times of disasters, how can we go through it?T: In times of disasters, we should unify, show the wisdom and stay positive.Step 4 Activity 4 Highlighting the theme and reflecting1. Make a summary of the text.2. Further understand the titleQ: After our learning, why do you think the earth didn’t sleep on that night?T: An earthquake happened. The people in the earthquake suffered a lot, and the people outside Tangshan were concerned about the people there a lot.3. Reflect through discussion on what can be learnt after reading.T: Disasters are powerful. Unpreparedness can be deadly. Life is weak, but if people work together to help each other, disasters can be defeated.There is no love from disaster, but we have love in the human heart.Step 5 Assignment How does the writer convey that the earthquake was deadly, and that people were helpless during the earthquake? Try to find some attractive and impressive expressions and note them down.
新人教版高中英語必修1Welcome Unit-Discovering Useful Structures & Listening and Talking教案
常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, ask, hand, offer, give, lend, send, show, teach, tell, write, pass, pay, promise, return等；基本句型 五S +V + O + OC（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）特點：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。 判斷原則：能表達(dá)成—賓語 是…/做…注：此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系，若無賓語補(bǔ)足語，則句意不夠完整。可以用做賓補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。如：He considers himself an expert on the subject.他認(rèn)為自己是這門學(xué)科的專家。We must keep our classroom clean.我們必須保持教室清潔。I had my bike stolen.我的自行車被偷了。We invited him to come to our school.我們邀請他來我們學(xué)校。I beg you to keep secret what we talked here.我求你對這里所談的話保密。用it做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語。如：We think it a good idea to go climb the mountain this Sunday.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This theme of the part is “ Describe people or things in greater detail”. Students have learned the grammar(restrictive relative clauses) in Book 1, and further review and consolidate its structure “prep+relative pronouns(which/whom)” and the relative adverbs(when, where and why), besides students should understand its form, meaning and functions. In this section, students should be able to express the grammar correctly in daily communication and in the writing. 1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses . 2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn to write sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses .2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn tow rite sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.Step 1. Observe the following sentences, and mark the relative pronouns and the adverbs. 1. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problems, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.2. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Step 2 PracticePlease complete these sentences with relative pronouns and relative adverbs and answer the following questions.Questions: 1. What is the head noun ?2. What relative words should be used ?3. What elements do they act in these sentences ?
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about an international youth cultural heritage protection project. More than 20 high school students from seven countries participated in the project. The reporter interviewed two participants Stephanie and Liu Bin. By listening to the text, students can understand the significance of cultural heritage protection, and teenagers can use their knowledge, combine their own interests and advantages, etc. to participate in the action of cultural heritage protection. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "Talk about history and culture". The listening text is a dialogue between two tourists and tour guides when they visit the Kremlin, red square and surrounding buildings. The dialogue focuses on the functional items of "starting a conversation", which is used to politely and appropriately attract the attention of the others, so as to smoothly start a conversation or start a new topic. The purpose of this section is to guide students to understand the history and current situation of Chinese and foreign cultural heritage in their own tourism experiences or from other people's tourism experiences, explore the historical and cultural values, and be able to express accurately and appropriately in oral communication.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to participate in cultural heritage protection activities.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I beg your pardon, but…” “Forgive me for asking, but…" and so on to start the conversation more politely and appropriately.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading For Writing教案
This report is short, concise and has typical news content and language features. The title uses the verb phrases, embodying the characteristics of being concise and general. The introduction is the first two sentences in the first paragraph, describing the general situation of the cultural heritage protection project, including time, place, characters, events and other news elements, so that readers can see the main points of the news report at a glance. The main body is the second and third paragraphs, which report the important historical and cultural value of Mogao Grottoes and the production of Mogao Grottoes Material digital photos, which are of great significance to the inheritance of historical culture and the promotion of international cultural understanding, exchange and cooperation. Direct citation is used in the report, as well as background introduction and other news writing techniques.1. Get students to have a good understanding of some features about a news report by reading the text.2. Instruct students to write a summary about a news report properly using some newly acquired writing skills in this period.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.1. Stimulate students to have a good understanding of how to a summary about a news report 2. Cultivate students to write a news report properly and concisely.Step 1: Lead in Do you think it is necessary for us to circulate our cultural heritage to the world? Why or why not?Do we need to learn more about other countries’ cultural heritage? Why or why not?Step 2: Read to discover details concerning the main body of the news report.
小學(xué)美術(shù)人教版一年級上冊《第9課我在空中飛》教案
一、組織教學(xué)：檢查學(xué)生用具準(zhǔn)備情況二、講授新課：1、引入階段：引趣，掛出宇宙飛船，宇航員，飛碟等圖案師問：圖上的物體是些什么？是用來干什么的？掛出兩幅完整的太空，科幻作品。介紹簡單的太空知識和人類深索太空奧秘的活動。
人教版高中語文必修4《短文三篇》教案
③于是，大自然出現(xiàn)了驚人的奇跡，不毛的石縫間叢生出倔強(qiáng)的生命。④或者就只是一簇一簇?zé)o名的野草，春綠秋黃。歲歲枯榮。它們只有三兩片長長的細(xì)瘦的薄葉，那細(xì)微的葉脈，告知你生存該是多么艱難；更有的。它們就在一簇一簇瘦葉下自己生長出根須，只為了少向母體吮吸一點乳汁，便自去尋找那不易被覺察到的石縫。這就是生命，如果這是一種本能，那么它正說明生命的本能是多么尊貴，生命有權(quán)自認(rèn)為輝煌壯麗，生機(jī)竟是這樣地不可扼制。⑤或者就是一團(tuán)一團(tuán)小小的山花，大多又都是那苦苦的蒲公英。它們不似田野上的同宗長得那樣茁壯，它們的莖顯得堅韌而蒼老。它們的葉因枯萎而失卻光澤。它們已經(jīng)不能再去為人們作佐餐的鮮嫩的野菜，卻默默地為攀登山路的人準(zhǔn)備了一個可靠的抓手。生命就這樣地被環(huán)境規(guī)定著，又被環(huán)境改變著，適者生存的規(guī)律盡管無情。但一切適者就是戰(zhàn)勝環(huán)境的強(qiáng)者。生命現(xiàn)象告訴你，生命就是拼搏。
人教版高中歷史必修3宋明理學(xué)教案2篇
二、程朱理學(xué)：1、宋代“理學(xué)”的產(chǎn)生：（1）含義：所謂“理學(xué)”，就是用“理學(xué)”一詞來指明當(dāng)時兩宋時期所呈現(xiàn)出來的儒學(xué)。廣義的理學(xué)，泛指以討論天道問題為中心的整個哲學(xué)思潮，包括各種不同的學(xué)派；狹義的理學(xué)，專指程顥、程頤、朱熹為代表的，以“理”為最高范疇的學(xué)說，稱為“程朱理學(xué)”。理學(xué)是北宋政治、社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的理論表現(xiàn)，是中國古代哲學(xué)長期發(fā)展的結(jié)果，是批判佛、道學(xué)說的產(chǎn)物。他們把“理”或“天理”視作哲學(xué)的最高范疇，認(rèn)為理無所不在，不生不滅，不僅是世界的本原，也是社會生活的最高準(zhǔn)則。在窮理方法上，程顥“主靜”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“正心誠意”；程頤“主敬”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“格物致知”。在人性論上，二程主張“去人欲，存天理”，并深入闡釋這一觀點使之更加系統(tǒng)化。二程學(xué)說的出現(xiàn)，標(biāo)志著宋代“理學(xué)”思想體系的正式形成。【合作探究】宋代“理學(xué)”興起的社會條件：