一,說教材1. 教材的地位和作用本章課程的核心是介紹現(xiàn)代生物進(jìn)化理論.生物進(jìn)化理論的發(fā)展和其他科學(xué)理論的發(fā)展一樣,不是簡單的新理論對舊理論的否定和排斥,而是新理論對舊理論的修正,深入和擴(kuò)展.從拉馬克的進(jìn)化學(xué)說到達(dá)爾文的自然選擇學(xué)說,以及現(xiàn)代進(jìn)化理論的由來,大體都走過了這樣的軌跡.這些應(yīng)該成為處理本節(jié)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的基本脈絡(luò).本節(jié)內(nèi)容包括:拉馬克的進(jìn)化學(xué)說,達(dá)爾文的自然選擇學(xué)說和達(dá)爾文以后生物進(jìn)化理論的發(fā)展,其中重點(diǎn)是達(dá)爾文的自然選擇學(xué)說.生物進(jìn)化論不僅是生物學(xué)中具有重要地位的基礎(chǔ)理論,也是對人們的自然觀和世界觀有著重要影響的理論.學(xué)生通過本章內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí),不僅可以了解生物進(jìn)化理論在達(dá)爾文之后的發(fā)展,進(jìn)一步樹立生物進(jìn)化的觀點(diǎn)和辯證唯物主義觀點(diǎn),而且能夠通過學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)化理論的發(fā)展過程,加深對科學(xué)本質(zhì)的理解和感悟.
回答“朝聞道夕死可矣”是哪位古人的名言,和我校的校園文化有何歷史淵源?同學(xué)們異口同聲地回答是“孔子”,并有自豪的表情。我感到本節(jié)課達(dá)到了預(yù)期效果。二、本節(jié)課的一些特點(diǎn)和成功之處:1、 從重知識的傳授轉(zhuǎn)向重能力的培養(yǎng)。注重了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的想象能力、善于發(fā)現(xiàn)、觀察和審視美的能力、注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的質(zhì)疑能力、以及類比推理能力。2、 注重物理課程的校本化、注重學(xué)科與校園文化、中國古代文化相融合。將屈原、孔子等人的思想與本節(jié)課所提倡的科學(xué)精神進(jìn)行了恰當(dāng)?shù)穆?lián)系。將中國古代樸素的時(shí)空觀如“天上一日,地上一年”、大家耳熟能詳?shù)摹耙晃m映世界、一剎那含永遠(yuǎn)”等思想與愛因斯坦的“相對論”進(jìn)行了類比。將中國古代的“太極圖”與哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的“渦旋星系”作類比,這不但能激發(fā)學(xué)生的想象力、類比能力,還能增強(qiáng)民族自豪感和對學(xué)校的熱愛。
二、相對論的創(chuàng)立【課件】展示下列材料艾伯特·愛因斯坦(1879——1955),1879年3月14日誕生在德國烏爾姆的一個(gè)猶太人家中。1894年舉家遷居意大利米蘭。1900年畢業(yè)于瑞士蘇黎世工業(yè)大學(xué)。愛因斯坦被認(rèn)為是最富于創(chuàng)造力的科學(xué)家,他不但創(chuàng)立了相對論,還提出了光量子的概念,得出了光電效應(yīng)的基本定律,并揭示了光的波粒二重性本質(zhì),為量子力學(xué)的建立奠定基礎(chǔ)。為此榮獲1921年度的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎。同時(shí),他還證明了熱的分子運(yùn)動論,提出了測定分子大小的新方法?!締栴}】19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初愛因斯坦對物理學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)是什么?意義是什么?為什么會出現(xiàn)?1、背景:經(jīng)典物理學(xué)的危機(jī)。19世紀(jì)末三大發(fā)現(xiàn):x射線、放射性和電子,經(jīng)典力學(xué)無法解釋研究中的新問題,如:黑體輻射、光電效應(yīng)等。2、相對論的提出及主要內(nèi)容:(1)“狹義相對論”和光速不變原理:1905年提出。
設(shè)疑自探:一個(gè)壓縮或拉伸的彈簧就是一個(gè)“儲能器”,怎樣衡量形變彈簧蘊(yùn)含能量的多少呢?彈簧的彈性勢能的表達(dá)式可能與那幾個(gè)物理量有關(guān)?類比:物體的重力勢能與物體所受的重力和高度有關(guān)。那么彈簧的彈性勢能可能與所受彈力的大小和在彈力方向上的位置變化有關(guān),而由F=kl知彈簧所受彈力等于彈簧的勁度系數(shù)與形變量的乘積。預(yù)測:彈簧的彈性勢能與彈簧的勁度系數(shù)和形變量有關(guān)。學(xué)生討論如何設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn): ①、用同一根彈簧在幾次被壓縮量不同時(shí)釋放(勁度系數(shù)相同,改變形變量),觀察小車被彈開的情況。②、分別用兩根彈簧在被壓縮量相同時(shí)釋放(形變量相同,勁度系數(shù)不同),觀察小車被彈開的情況。交流探究結(jié)果:彈性勢能隨彈簧形變量增大而增大。隨彈簧的勁度系數(shù)的增大而增大。
本章是第三章第一節(jié)的開端,學(xué)生在第二節(jié)已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了元素的組成和一些生物大分子,本節(jié)課內(nèi)容是學(xué)會使用顯微鏡,這是生物學(xué)習(xí)過程中最為重要的一種手段之一。對于今后的實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)有著極其重要的作用。 學(xué)生中大部分同學(xué)在初中階段都有接觸過光學(xué)顯微鏡,所以在學(xué)習(xí)理論知識的時(shí)候能夠順利的進(jìn)行,但因?yàn)閷W(xué)校的條件有限,不能保證同學(xué)們進(jìn)行顯微鏡的實(shí)驗(yàn),本節(jié)課結(jié)合學(xué)生情況和實(shí)際情況,采用圖片和模型展示的方法進(jìn)行。 知識與能力 1、概述細(xì)胞學(xué)說建立的過程。 2、概述細(xì)胞學(xué)說的內(nèi)容和意義。 3、學(xué)習(xí)制作臨時(shí)玻片標(biāo)本,使用顯微鏡和繪圖的能。
(2).教學(xué)手段為了使我根據(jù)教材而設(shè)計(jì)的三個(gè)教學(xué)目標(biāo)以及重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)得以的突出和突破,達(dá)到最大化的展示境界,同時(shí)也為了配合以上我選擇的四種教法得以完滿實(shí)現(xiàn),我決定采用“多媒體”教學(xué)手段進(jìn)行全程教學(xué)。利用電腦的信息容量大,操作簡便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),形象生動的直觀展示教學(xué)內(nèi)容,不但提高學(xué)習(xí)效率和質(zhì)量,而且容易激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和調(diào)動學(xué)習(xí)的積極性。四、說學(xué)法我為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)了三個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)方法:1.讓學(xué)生學(xué)會在探究中學(xué)。通過“對黑人嚴(yán)酷處境的探究”和對文中重點(diǎn)語句的探究,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在探究中學(xué)習(xí)的能力。2.讓學(xué)生學(xué)會在讀中學(xué)。通過“誦讀法”指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在誦讀過程中感受演講詞內(nèi)在的魅力,學(xué)會在讀中學(xué)。3.讓學(xué)生學(xué)會在練習(xí)中學(xué)。通過“課外延伸練習(xí)法”,對所學(xué)的知識進(jìn)行運(yùn)用,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新和自學(xué)能力。
一、說教材1.教材分析《涉江采芙蓉》是新人教版必修二第二單元《古詩三首》中的一首?!豆旁娛攀住吩谥袊糯姼璧乃囆g(shù)手法上起著承前啟后的作用,在高中語文古詩教學(xué)中也起著承前啟后的作用。這首古體詩不論是藝術(shù)上,還是在思想上都已經(jīng)達(dá)到了十分純熟的境界。因此,它十分重要。2.說學(xué)情這首詩歌在內(nèi)容上難度不大,可以做多角度解讀。新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鼓勵學(xué)生作個(gè)性化解讀,我們可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生就此作些探討。學(xué)生通過小學(xué)、初中的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)和本冊古詩部分的集中學(xué)習(xí),有了一定的古詩鑒賞能力,對源遠(yuǎn)流長的中華文化也有了一些積淀,興趣漸濃,這是進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生熱愛古代詩歌、學(xué)習(xí)古代詩歌的一個(gè)前提。3.教學(xué)目標(biāo)依據(jù)學(xué)生特點(diǎn),教材特色以及新課標(biāo)的要求,制定教學(xué)目標(biāo)如下:(用多媒體展示)1、了解關(guān)于《古詩十九首》的文學(xué)常識;2、感受詩歌的思想內(nèi)涵;3、運(yùn)用想象描摹詩歌的藝術(shù)畫面。
Ⅲ. Analysis of the teaching material:The topic of this unit is cultural relics. Students are quite interested in topics about different cultures around the world. This is the second period of the whole unit. As a reading class, the passage mainly talks about the history of the amber room (how it was made, sent as a gift, lost and rebuilt).According to the new national curriculum, when teaching reading, much emphasis should be put on training the students’ reading skills.Ⅳ. Teaching objectives1. Language objectives:1) Students are required to master the key words and phrases occurred in the passage (e.g. amazing, decorate, belong, in return, less than etc.)2) Students are required to learn the attributive clause and acquire the sentence pattern.2. 1) Students are required to describe a certain thing by using the new sentence patterns.2) Students are required to master two kinds of reading skills—skimming and scanning, and learn to use them in their daily reading.3. 1) Students are required to know the history of the amber room.2) Students are required to appreciate cultural relics and understand the importance of protecting them.Ⅴ. Teaching important and difficult points1) the new words, phrases, and sentence pattern in the course of reading.2) Teaching difficult point: Help the students master two kinds of reading skills—skimmingand scanning and learn to apply them in daily use.Ⅵ. Teaching methods:Task-based method & Top-down model Ⅶ. Teaching aids: PPT, pictures, blackboard Ⅷ. Teaching procedure:
“深入探究,把握主旨”這一步則是解決教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn),這里涉及到課文的深層意蘊(yùn),學(xué)生理解有難度,教師在通過問題引領(lǐng)學(xué)生探討的基礎(chǔ)上,還要適時(shí)啟發(fā)、點(diǎn)撥,因?yàn)榻虒W(xué)時(shí)間有限,讓學(xué)生漫無邊際的討論,可能難以完成預(yù)定的教學(xué)任務(wù),會使教學(xué)過程不完整。至于本文的寫作特點(diǎn)的教學(xué)視時(shí)間而定,有時(shí)間可以讓學(xué)生說一說,沒有時(shí)間用小黑板出示一下,讓學(xué)生了解就行,如果時(shí)間不夠,甚至可以不講。第三階段是“延伸練習(xí),鞏固提高”。
1、教材的地位作用本課是新人教版普通高中歷史必修Ⅱ第六單元第18課的內(nèi)容,闡述羅斯福新政的背景、措施、影響。從單元知識安排看,本課與第17課《空前嚴(yán)重的資本主義世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)》、19課《戰(zhàn)后資本主義的新變化》共同詮釋第六單元課題——《資本主義世界經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的調(diào)整》。說明了“資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)理論和政策隨著資本主義發(fā)展而不斷調(diào)整的特點(diǎn)”,凸顯了“市場調(diào)節(jié)”和“國家干預(yù)”在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的重要性。從知識體系看,它是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了第一次工業(yè)革命后自由資本主義、第二次工業(yè)革命后的壟斷資本主義等之后出現(xiàn)的,既是對上述知識的鞏固與綜合運(yùn)用,又為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)必修二的相關(guān)內(nèi)容打下基礎(chǔ),有承上啟下的作用。本課三個(gè)子目從邏輯上看又是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。第一個(gè)子目“臨危受命”承上啟下,說明了羅斯福上臺的歷史背景具有臨危受命的特點(diǎn),第二個(gè)子目“實(shí)施新政”講述了羅斯福新政的主要內(nèi)容,第三個(gè)子目“擺托危機(jī)困境”主要講述了羅斯福新政的影響。
Purpose of my design:To ask the students to do these two tasks will make the Ss predict the story of this passage. As a result, it will deepen Ss’ memory of this story because they will have their own understanding of this story.Step 3. While-readingTask 1. (Individual work _____min)Skimming: ask students to skim the text and the main ideas of each paragraph in this passage. Please read it quickly and then match the sentences with the letters.Task 2. (Individual work _____min)Scanning: read the text quickly and decide the whether the following statements are true or false and give reasons.Task 3. (Pair work _____min)Listen to the tape and fill in the banks. Then read the paragraph with expression to your partner.Task4 (individual work min)Listen to the tape again and write down the main idea in one sentence.Purpose of my design: Enable students to understand the given material better by using different reading skills. And proper competition can arouse the Ss’ interest in English learning. “Task-based” teaching method is used here todevelop the Ss’ ability of communication and also their ability of co-operation will be well trainedStep 4. Post-readingTask 1. (Individual work, pair work, group work, class work; _____min)Discussion (group of 4):1. If you were Hippomenes, would you run against Atlanta?2. Do you think Hippomenes deserved to win the race? Why or why not?Step 5. HomeworkPlease read the story again carefully after class and imagine: What will happen during the race between Hippomenes and Atlanta? Who do you think will win the race? Do you think Atlanta would marry Hippomenes? Write an end for the story with thses questions.Purpose of my design: Homework is so important and necessary for to master the knowledge they learned after class. It will check whether the Ss achieve the teaching aims.Part 5 Blackboard design
(2) students are divided into groups according to the requirements of activity 3. Each student shares a story of personal experience or hearing-witnessing kindness, and then selects the most touching story in the group and shares it with the whole class. Before the students share the story, the teacher can instruct them to use the words and sentence patterns in the box to express. For example, the words in the box can be classified:Time order: first of all, then, after that, later, finally logical relationship :so, however, although, butTeachers can also appropriately add some transitional language to enrich students' expression:Afterwards, afterwards, at last, in the end, eventuallySpatial order: next to, far from, on the left, in front ofOtherwise, nevertheless, as a result, therefore, furthermore, in addition, as well asSummary: in a word, in short, on the whole, to sum up, in briefStep 8 Homework1. Understand the definition of "moral dilemma" and establish a correct moral view;2. Accumulate vocabulary about attitudes and emotions in listening texts and use them to express your own views;3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否理解理解“道德困境”的定義;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否通過說話人所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容、說話的語氣、語調(diào)等來判斷其態(tài)度和情緒;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否針對具體的道德困境發(fā)表自己的看法和見解,能否掌握聽力理訓(xùn)練中的聽力策略。
Activity 41. Students complete the task of activity 4, then teachers and students check the answers. 2. The teacher organized the students to work together and asked them to use the tables and mind maps sorted out before to retold the important choices in Lin Qiaozhi's life and their resultsStep 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the core words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences. 2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes. 3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better. Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text; 2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences. 3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan. 1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否結(jié)合文本特點(diǎn)總結(jié)林巧稚的人生原則和人格品質(zhì)特征;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否針對人生抉擇發(fā)表自己的看法;能否全面地、客觀地、理性地看待問題,進(jìn)而對道德和人性有更加深入的思考和理解。
The joke set her crying.這個(gè)玩笑使她哭起來。Step 5 ReadingActivity 31. Students read the small text in activity 3. The teacher provides several small questions to check whether students understand the content of the text and the ideographic function of the -ing form in the text.*Where are those people?*Why did Dr Bethune come to China?*How did he help the Chinese people during the war?*What did Chairman Mao Zedong say about him?2. Ss try to rewrite some sentences using the -ing form. Then check the answers. When checking the answers, the teacher can ask different students to read the rewritten sentences and give comments.Answers:1. he became very interested in medicine, deciding to become a doctor.2. …after hearing that many people were dying in the war.3. Helping to organise hospitals, he taught doctors and nurses, and showed people how to give first aid./ He helped to organise hospitals, teaching doctors and nurses, and showing people how to give first aid.4. …praising Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.Step 6 PracticeActivity 4Students complete grammar activities 2 and 3 on page 69 of the workbook.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握動詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語語和狀語語的功能和意義;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否正確使用動詞-ing形式描述人物的行為、動作及其經(jīng)歷;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否獨(dú)立完成練習(xí)冊和導(dǎo)學(xué)案中的相關(guān)練習(xí)。
3.Teachers ask different groups to report the answers to the questions and ask them to try different sentence patterns.The teacher added some sentence patterns for students to refer to when writing.Step 4 Writing taskActivity 51.Write the first draft.Students first review the evaluation criteria in activity 5, and then independently complete the draft according to the outline of activity 4, the answers to the questions listed in the group discussion and report, and the reference sentence pattern.2.Change partners.The teacher guides the students to evaluate their partner's composition according to the checklist of activity 5 and proposes Suggestions for modification.3.Finalize the draft.Based on the peer evaluation, students revise their own compositions and determine the final draft.Finally, through group recommendation, the teacher selects excellent compositions for projection display or reading aloud in class, and gives comments and Suggestions.Step 5 Showing writingActivity 5T call some Ss to share their writing.Step 6 Homework1. Read the passage in this section to better understand the passage.2. Carefully understand the hierarchical structure of the article, and deeply understand the plot of the story according to the causes, process and results;3. Independently complete the relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否通過人物言行的對比分析道德故事的深層內(nèi)涵;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否根據(jù)故事的起因、經(jīng)過和結(jié)果來深入理解故事的情節(jié),從而了解文章的層次結(jié)構(gòu);4、結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)生活案例發(fā)表自己的見解和看法,寫一篇觀點(diǎn)明確、層次分明的故事評論。
(明確:“寡人之于國也,盡心焉耳矣”,但“寡人之民不加多,何也?”)②他認(rèn)為自己對國家政務(wù)盡心盡力了,他有哪些具體做法?(明確:移民移粟)③第2—4節(jié)中孟子是怎樣說明梁惠王移民移粟的措施與“鄰國之政”并無本質(zhì)區(qū)別的?(明確:孟子不直接回答“民不加多”的問題,而是用梁惠王熟悉的“戰(zhàn)”設(shè)喻——設(shè)圈套,誘使對方在不知不覺中說出“不可,直不百步耳,是亦走也。”)④孟子認(rèn)為怎樣才能做到“王道之始”?要想“王道之成”還需采取哪些措施?(明確:“不違農(nóng)時(shí),谷不可勝食也。數(shù)罟不入氵夸池,魚鱉不可勝食也。斧斤以時(shí)入山林,材木不可勝用也。谷與魚鱉不可勝食,材木不可勝用五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣。雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時(shí),七十者可以食肉矣。百畝之田,勿奪其時(shí),數(shù)口之家,可以無饑矣。謹(jǐn)庫序之教,申之以孝涕之義,頒白者不負(fù)戴于道路矣。)這一小步的目的是想讓學(xué)生通過這些問題的解答,可以進(jìn)一步理清思路,掌握文的大概內(nèi)容。
一、人類遺傳病1.概念2.分類(1)單基因遺傳病(2)多基因遺傳病(3)染色體異常遺傳?、僭颌陬愋?遺傳病的特點(diǎn)4.遺傳病對人類的危害八、說布置作業(yè)在作業(yè)的布置中,我嚴(yán)格遵循“重質(zhì)量、輕負(fù)擔(dān)”的指導(dǎo)思想。第一題主要是為了幫助學(xué)生及時(shí)糾正原有的對知識的錯誤理解或片面認(rèn)識,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的解題技巧和技能。所以我選用了該題。同時(shí)想借助該題培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對問題的科學(xué)的思維方法和探究的精神。幫助學(xué)生提高對信息技術(shù)運(yùn)用的熟練程度,發(fā)展學(xué)生的信息素養(yǎng)。附作業(yè):1、連線題,請同學(xué)們連線指出下列遺傳各屬于何種類型?(1)苯丙酮尿病 A、單基因遺傳?。?)21三體綜合征(3)抗維生素D佝僂病 B、多基因遺傳病(4)軟骨發(fā)育不全(5)青少年型糖尿病 C、常染色體病2、以生物小組為單位進(jìn)行人類遺傳病的調(diào)查。
在學(xué)生活動的基礎(chǔ)上,教師總結(jié)歸納:要堅(jiān)持從群眾中來到群眾中去的工作方法。要求:政府要通過各種途徑,利用各種群眾組織、社會團(tuán)體廣泛收集群眾意見和建議,認(rèn)真對待群眾的來信來訪。還要為群眾誠心誠意辦實(shí)事,盡心竭力解難事,堅(jiān)持不懈。通過合作探究,以此來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的分析能力,探究能力以及透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)的能力,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獲取信息的能力,自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力以及全面看問題的能力,再結(jié)合教師的講授,給學(xué)生一種茅塞頓開的感覺。環(huán)節(jié)四 回歸生活 提升情感我將引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀課本,通過設(shè)置活動探究課,結(jié)合生活實(shí)際從時(shí)效,便利,實(shí)效等方面請學(xué)生評述公民求助或投訴的四種方式的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在這一過程中,我還會用多媒體展示常用的熱線電話,政府網(wǎng)站上有關(guān)信訪、政務(wù)公開及其他便民利民的欄目,豐富課堂資源。讓學(xué)生閱讀課本,自行歸納知識點(diǎn),有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。
3、重要語句的理解“可是一個(gè)人并不是生來要給打敗的,你盡可把它消滅掉,可就是打不敗他?!苯馕觯哼@是老人第一次回合之后的內(nèi)心獨(dú)白,也是此小說的核心精神,充分體現(xiàn)了老人桑地亞哥的生命理念。整句話可以分為兩部分來理解,前句告訴我們,人生活在自然與社會當(dāng)中,必不可少要面臨一些坎坷、磨難,這些磨難、坎坷完全可以造成軀體的消滅、消亡,這是人生命的脆弱性。后句,面對挫折,只要保持一種樂觀的精神,擁有一顆堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的心靈,那么,人類執(zhí)著奮斗的精神將永不磨滅。4、象征主義題目是《老人與?!?,而表明上,小說是寫一位老人及其在海上的經(jīng)歷,但實(shí)際上,老人的形象極具概括性,他已經(jīng)超越了一個(gè)人的存在,而成為了人生的一種象征。老人桑地亞哥就是“硬漢子”的代表,大海則是生命旅途的象征,鯊魚則是我們行走中的“強(qiáng)物”,厄運(yùn)的象征。人的一生不可能一帆風(fēng)順,不經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨,怎能見彩虹,走在人生路途中,不可避免我們都要遇到挫折,被厄運(yùn)所阻撓,只有經(jīng)歷與“鯊魚”的較量,才能成為強(qiáng)者,唱出最美的歌。
陸王心學(xué)與程朱理學(xué)相比有何異同?生 不同點(diǎn):在理的內(nèi)涵上不同,程朱理學(xué)認(rèn)為“理”是貫通于宇宙、人倫的客觀存在,是一種普遍的規(guī)律準(zhǔn)則;陸王心學(xué)認(rèn)為心即理,是“良知”,認(rèn)為人心便是世界萬物的本原。方法上也有不同:前者向外追究,“格物致知”;后者向內(nèi)探求,“發(fā)明本心”以求理,克服私欲、回復(fù)良知。生 相同點(diǎn):都提出了一個(gè)宇宙、社會、人生遵循的“理”。師 對。程朱理學(xué)是客觀唯心主義,陽明心學(xué)是主觀唯心主義。這兩者的分歧是理學(xué)范圍內(nèi)的分歧,其基本思想是一致的。師 宋明理學(xué)與漢唐以前的儒學(xué)比較,最大的特點(diǎn)在于批判地吸收了佛教哲學(xué)的思辨結(jié)構(gòu)和道教的宇宙生成論,將儒家的倫理學(xué)說概括升華為哲學(xué)基本問題。其實(shí)質(zhì)是把佛、道“養(yǎng)性”“修身”引向儒家的“齊家”“治國”“平天下”,對儒家的綱常道德給予哲學(xué)論證,使之神圣化、絕對化、普遍化,以便深入人心,做到人人遵而行之。