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人教版新課標PEP小學英語四年級下冊Recycle 2教案
第一課時教學設計教學內(nèi)容：Read and act教學目標：1.通過游戲及籌備野炊的過程，在實際情景中復習有關天氣、蔬菜、水果、食物的單詞以及句型：What’s the weather like in…..?How much is/ are …?What do you have ? I have … .I want … .2.能聽懂、會說句型：Tomorrow will be … .Let’s go shopping. What do you want to bring? Let’s have a picnic tomorrow.教學重點：能聽、說、認讀句型：I want … .I have….教學難點：在實際情景中靈活運用Read and act 中的主要句型。教學準備：1.教師準備錄音機、磁帶和一張大購物單。2.教師準備有關蔬菜、食物、水果和天氣的圖卡和詞卡。3.學生以小組為單位準備一份購物單。教學過程：一、Preparation1.Sing the song :The Coat in the Window.(P66 Unit5 Let’s sing)2.復習有關蔬菜、食物和水果的單詞。（蔬菜指的是第六單元中學過的；水果主要復習本課時涉及到的幾種常見的即可。）在復習的過程中教師可先出示詞卡，讓學生認讀，并讓學生試著說出意思，然后教師出示圖卡進行確認。同時教師在黑板上寫出shop的字樣，把復習過的蔬菜和水果的圖卡依次貼到黑板上。
人教版新課標PEP小學英語四年級下冊Recycle 1教案
1.Think and write接上一個環(huán)節(jié)，老師說“Zoom is careless. Where are his things? Let’s look.” 讓學生看課本圖片，認真觀察。a. 教師給出例句，請同學仿照例句說出句子Zoom’s red shoes are in the library.Zoom’s green sweater is in the gym.b.學生完成課本圖片后的短文?？梢哉页潭群玫耐瑢W在黑板上書寫。c.讓學生在小組內(nèi)朗讀句子。2. Let’s read..出示鐘表模型，老師撥出幾個有代表性的時間，學生分兩組用“What time is it ? It’s ........It’s time to ……”進行問答。老師在學生回答時把時間和活動寫在黑板上如下：Time Activities7：00 get up 7:30 go to school9:00have Chinese/math class10：00read books 或其他12:00 eat lunch3：15have P.E classOh, you have a busy day. Look, this is John’s day.a. 由上個環(huán)節(jié)引出John’s list. 教師引導學生仔細看Let’s read 部分的圖，閱讀John的活動時間表， 然后獨立完成句子的正誤判斷，最后進行檢查。b.讓學生再次讀John的活動時間表，回答下面的問題：What time does John go to school? Where does John read books?
人教版新課標PEP小學英語五年級下冊My Birthday教案
① 教師詢問學生“What day is today?”，學生說出“Today is …”。而后又問學生：“What’s the date?”，幫助學生說出今天的具體日期：“It’s …”。 ② 讓學生拿出課前準備的年歷（最好是學生自己制作的），教師隨意指著某天詢問學生：“What’s the date?”，而后請學生拿著年歷相互用“What’s the date? It’s ….”進行問答練習。③ 教師拿著年歷從一月開始問學生：“Who has a birthday in January? Please stand up.”，而后教師問起立的學生：“What’s the date?”，讓一月份生日的學生答出具體日期。④ 請若干名學生代替老師進行提問，從二月到十二月?；顒铀模篖et’s talk教學參考時間：8分鐘① 教師播放對話錄音兩遍，而后提問：“When is Sarah’s birthday? When is Zhang’s birthday?”，學生根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容回答出：“Sarah’s birthday is in October1st. Zhang’s birthday’s is in March12th.”。 ② 學生跟讀對話，兩人一組做對話練習。 ③ 學生根據(jù)同學的生日組織一個新的對話，教師請若干組展示他們的對話。
人教版新課標PEP小學英語五年級上冊Recycle1教案
鞏固延伸嘗試與他人進行書信交流第三課時教學設計教學目的與要求：１、 能夠使用所學四會句子完成Task time中的采訪任務。２、 能夠理解Let’s play中的問題并做出正確回答。３、 能夠聽懂、會唱歌曲“My Favourite Day”。教學重、難點：重點、難點為復習并使用四會句子完成Task time中的采訪任務，并展示個人報道。課前準備：教學掛圖、錄音帶、錄音機、簡歷表教學過程：１、 熱身（１） 放第二單元歌曲，學生跟唱，復習有關一周七天的單詞。（２） 日?？谡Z練習。２、 預習：放錄音，欣賞歌曲。３、 新授Task time（１） 就歌曲內(nèi)容向?qū)W生提問：Do you like weekends? What’s your favourite day? 引導學生回答：My favourite day is Saturday/Sunday. 并請學生說明理由，表述周末活動。出示采訪表，回答問題。（２） 讓學生參照學生用書的采訪表進行小組交流，并在最短的時間內(nèi)填充表格，然后每組派代表做匯報。Let’s play看圖片，指導學生先讀懂句子，再回答問題。Let’s sing學生理解并學唱本單元歌曲“My Favourite Day”.鞏固延伸：采訪教師；畫畫猜人
人教版新課標PEP小學英語五年級上冊Recycle2教案
教學目標與要求：１、 通過活動和復習句型，介紹及動作短語等。２、 學唱歌曲。教學重、難點：重點為復習鞏固介詞及存在句型。難點為正確區(qū)分內(nèi)容相近的圖片。課前準備：詞卡、錄音機、錄音帶、圖片教學過程：１、 熱身（１） 放歌曲錄音，學生跟唱。（２） 師生進行日常會話。２、 預習做“按我說的做”游戲。３、 新授（１） 看圖片，問：Where is the …? Ss: It’s in /on/over…（２） 做“猜一猜”游戲。（３） 兩人一組完成Pair work,連一連，說一說。（４） 聽錄音，完成練習。錄音原文如下：There are mountains behind her village. There is a river near her house. There is a new air-conditioner in her bedroom. She cleans her bedroom every day.There is a lake near his village. There are many trees in front of his house. There is a big trash bin in his kitchen. He can cook tasty meals.There is a forest near his village. There is a road beside his house. There is a man under a tree. He often waters the flowers.There are many Paths in her village. There are new curtains on the window of her house. There are many new skirts in her closet. She washes the clothes every weekend.鞏固延伸：做“幸運摸獎”游戲
人教版新課標PEP小學英語五年級下冊My Favourite Season教案
（三）趣味操練 （Practice）活動六：猜一猜教學參考時間：5教師說：Guess what’s my favourite season. Why?學生猜測：It’s winter. Because you can skate. 教師給予肯定或否定的答案然后邀請另一名孩子起來，大家繼續(xù)猜測活動七：傳話游戲教學參考時間：3分鐘教師在每個小組第一個同學耳邊輕聲說一個句子：I like summer, because I can swim./I like fall, because I can find many beautiful defoliation.(落葉)/….每個小組傳話，看誰傳的又快又好每組的最后一個匯報你聽到的句子（四）鞏固和擴展（Consolidation and extension）活動八：Link and say教學參考時間：5分鐘完成活動手冊P13—3兩人一小組，分別說說每組圖代表的季節(jié)，服裝，和事情教師提問，What would you like to do in spring/in summer/in winter/ in fall?,請孩子回答。兩人一組問答，根據(jù)你聽到的連出出對方喜歡的季節(jié)事情兩個人交換書對答案活動九：Let’s do a survey 教學參考時間：5分鐘完成活動手冊P13—4自己認讀范例對話，明確題意小組調(diào)查（6人）各小組展示答案活動十：試一試（Let’s try）教學參考時間：5分鐘教師播放錄音，學生理解再聽錄音，選擇你聽到的圖
人教版新課標PEP小學英語六年級上冊Recycle1教案
1．熱身(warm-up) (1)全班齊唱歌曲“How call I Get to the Zoo?’’ (2)師生一起吟唱第一單元的歌謠，要求學生一邊吟唱，一邊用手打節(jié)拍。 2．預習(Preview) 教師對學生有關My Dream Vacation的短文做出總體評價，并請幾名寫得有創(chuàng)意的學生朗讀他們的短文，教師針對其內(nèi)容提問，如：“Where are you going? What are you going to do? How are you going to there等。教師根據(jù)課前的準備，在最后一名學生朗讀完文章并回答了問題以后，簡化并板書該學生的回答，將其改編成為一首小歌謠，如： Where are you going? What are you going to do? I’m going to the ZOO to see the monkeys． I’m going by bike．I’m going On foot． I live near the ZOO．So I won’t take a train． 教師拍節(jié)拍示范朗讀自己改寫的新歌謠，學生模仿吟唱新歌謠。 3．新課呈現(xiàn)(Presentation) Let’s chant 在以上活動的基礎上，教師放Let’s chant部分的錄音，學生靜聽并試著跟讀，再看著文字吟唱。師生可進行問答式吟唱，并在小組間展開比賽。 Listen and match
人教版新課標PEP小學英語六年級上冊Recycle2教案
2．預習(Preview) 看字母，說職業(yè) 教師出示職業(yè)名稱單詞的首字母，讓學生說出整個單詞。如：w-writer；d-driver／doctor，a-accountant/actor/actress；T-TV reporter等o 3．新課呈現(xiàn)(Presentation) (1)從看字母說職業(yè)名稱引出TV reporter，教師拿出一些名人照片說：“Now you’re a TV reporter．You’re going to interview a famous person．You don’t know who he／she is ．But you know he／she is someone in the pictures．”給學生五次提問的機會，讓他們根據(jù)教師的回答找出正確的人物。以下問題供參考： What does he／she do? What’s h is hobby ? Is he strong／thin／tall? Where does he／she live? (2)心有靈犀 請兩名學生(sl和s2)上來，每人拿著紙和筆分別站在教室的兩邊。教師提問：“What does s1’s father do?”站在臺上的兩名學生分別把答案寫在各自的紙上。如果兩人的答案完全相同，兩人就算獲勝。教師繼續(xù)問問題“What does …’s…do?”全體學生一起寫出答案，誰寫的答案正確就可以得一分。 Listen and match (1)教師說：“Do you want to know more about Liu Yun?’’學生回答后教師說：“Please listen and find out．’’教師放本部分錄音，學生認真聽。
人教版新課標PEP小學英語六年級下冊Last Weekend教案
一、教學內(nèi)容：Part B Let’s learn Let’s play. Part C Task time Let’s check 二、教學目標與要求 1、掌握四會詞組：went to a park, went swimming, read a book, went fishing, went hiking. 2、學會用句型What did you/ (name) do last weekend/ yesterday? I(name) (did) last weekend/ yesterday. Did you….? Yes, I did. 來進行問答并完成Task time的表格。 三、教學重點 掌握四會詞組,并用所學詞組和句型進行調(diào)查 四、教學難點 掌握四會詞組（不規(guī)則動詞過去式變化）,并用所學詞組和句型進行調(diào)查 五、課前準備 1、教師準備所需的詞卡及圖片。 2、學生準備詞卡。 六、教學過程 1、Warm-up 1) Free-talk: T: What day is today? A: Today is… T: What day was yesterday? (強調(diào) yesterday) B: Yesterday/ It was… T: What did you do yesterday? C: I (did)…yesterday. ( 用前幾課時已經(jīng)學的詞組) 2) Chain-drill: C: I (did)…yesterday. What did you do yesterday? D: I (did)…yesterday. What did you do yesterday? E, F… (ask the teacher) T: I went to a park yesterday. 2、Presentation and practice let’s learn （1）繼續(xù)Chain-drill,由T 引出并出示新授詞組:went hiking. （2）學生已經(jīng)了解了go 的過去式后, T 邊用I went ( 這個動詞用動作表示)yesterday.表達自己昨天去做什么了,邊做動作.讓學生幫老師說出: went swimming, went fishing.
人教版新目標初中英語七年級上冊Do you like bananas教案
教學目標 ⑴知識目標：A、學會詢問對方喜歡與不喜歡的食物； B、學習并激情 些食物的詞匯； C、學會談論自己與他人早、中、晚 餐喜愛吃的食物； D、學會營養(yǎng)配。 ⑵能力目標：A、能準備表達喜歡和不喜歡的食物； B、能根據(jù)具體情景對話，與他人溝通信息，合作完成任務； C、通過聽、說、讀、寫四項技能的訓練，促進學生語言運用能力的提高。⑶情感目標：A、通過學習西文食品文化，促使學生了解西方生活方式與文化，培養(yǎng)跨 文化交際的意識； B、通過開展小組活動，指導學生積極與他人合作，培養(yǎng)他們的合作精神； C、通過任務型活動，使學生學會在實際生活中均衡飲食，合理配餐。 教學重點、難點 重點：A動詞like一般現(xiàn)在時的各種句式及一般疑問句的肯定、否定回答； B關于各種食物的詞匯； C名詞復數(shù)的使用。 難點：一般現(xiàn)在時中單數(shù)第三人稱的變化形式。
人教版新目標初中英語七年級上冊This is my sister教案
(Play the recording twice again.) (Check the answer.) ③Pairwork. Draw your own picture and talk about it. T: We find out the picture of Lin Hai’s family. Can you draw a picture of your family? SS: … T: OK. When you finish drawing, tell your partner about your picture. You can use “This is …” and “ These are …” to talk about. Then report it to the class. (Students work.) (Check students’ work. Ask two or three students to report.) Step Three: Task. Talk about the family tree. T: Look at the family tree. I think it’s a big family. You can do it in groups of four or three. You can do it in pairs or only by yourself. Then report it to the class. (Students work. Teacher walks around in the classroom and helps the students.) T: Stop here. Let’s check it out. (Choose students to do it.) S1: Look at my family tree. This is my… This is my … They have two … This is my … This is my …This is my …This is my. My parents have two children. This is…This is my …My uncle and my aunt have a son. He is my … (Ask two more students to do it.) Homework. Write a passage about your family.
人教版新目標初中英語七年級上冊What color is it教案
一、知識和能力目標通過本單元教學，使學生能運用所學英語，正確地描述物體的顏色；同時進一步學習分辨人物的用語，并加以運用。二、過程和方法目標本單元口語訓練應當自始至終在一種鮮明的色彩背景下進行，旨在營造那種為學生所喜愛的歡快氣氛，教師應當在十種顏色上大做文章；在使用實物時要使顏色醒目；在組合圖畫時，要盡量用大色塊；在使用投影時要使顏色突出來。教師可以從教室環(huán)境上入手營造色彩氣氛，如：選取十種顏色的硬色板，剪成各個大寫字母；或者將色板剪成各種卡通動物形象，懸掛在教室當中或在墻上，注明各種顏色的英語字塊。三、情感態(tài)度和價值觀目標用各種可以調(diào)動學生積極性的活動來提高學生的活躍性，激發(fā)他們參與討論的熱情。同時可以對學生進行美育教育，從小培養(yǎng)他們對美的正確認識。
人教版新目標初中英語七年級上冊When is your birthday教案
本單元主要學習名詞所有格 ('s 所有格 ) 的構成和使用。在初次接觸 “ 名詞所有格 ” 時，學生較難理解的可能是 “ 所有格 ” 這個名稱，對于它的構成，學生也許會覺得較容易。教師可通俗地告訴學生 “ 所有格 ” 的意思是表示 “…… 的 ” ，這樣學生反而容易接受。在使用 “ 名詞所有格 ” 形式時，學生容易犯錯誤或混淆的主要是：將這種一 's 構成形式與 is 的縮寫形式混淆，如： My father's name's Jin Zhi ．，可以這樣告訴學生：名詞所有格的后面一般應接名詞；勿將這種一 's 結構盲目套用與人稱代詞上，代替物主代詞使用，如 He's father's name is Li Cheng 。在教學初期，可不講授名詞所有格的其它形式，待時機成熟，再向?qū)W生介紹復數(shù)名詞所有格形式的結構一 ' ，如： the students' bikes 。 Self Check 教學內(nèi)容 Self Check( 教材 P52) 教學目標 知識與能力 復習詞匯 birthday ， date ， month ， January ， February ， March ， April ， May ， June ， July ， August ， September ， October ， November ， December ， date ， birth ， age ， old ， speech ． contest ． trip ， party ， event ， an ， festival ， pop ， concert ， chorus ， lecture ， music ；引導學生復習、鞏固“詢問和談論日期”的目標語言并運用所學知識安排活動。
人教版新目標初中英語七年級上冊Where’s my backpack教案
教師: 搜集單詞卡片、背景資料。 學生：彩筆、大白紙、相關新單詞。 教學設計 Step One: Learn the new words. 1.Present the new words. (Show some pictures and words on the screen to teach the students the new words.) T: What’s this? S1: It’s a room. T: Do you have a room like this? S2: Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. T: Read after me. R-O-O-M, room. Ss: R-O-O-M, room. (Teach the other words “TV, desk, picture” in the same way.) T: There are some words here. Read the words after me and spell them. (Learn the other words without pictures on the cards.) T: This is a word. Can you spell this word? (Point to a word in the card.) S1: Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. (Let them know the meaning of “can”.) T: I can spell your name. Can you spell my name? S1: Yes, I can. T: Can you write your name? S: Sorry, I can’t. I have no pen. T: You need a pen.( Give him a pen.) ( Let the students understand the word “need”.) T: I bring a football to school every day. Now it is on the floor. After class I take it to my home. (Teach “bring” and “take”. Put a football on the floor and point to the floor to teach the word “floor”.) 2.Practice the words. (Give the examples to the students and get the students to understand the new words.) Step To Listen and practice.
人教版新目標初中英語七年級下冊I’m watching TV教案
單元分析單元目標： Talk about what people are doing 單元主要句型：1.What are you doing ?I’m doing my homework .2.Do you want to go swimming ?Yes , I do .3.When do you want to go ?At three o’clock .4.What is he doing ?He is watching TV. 單元詞匯：watching , doing , eating , cleaning , playing , reading , swimming , shopping , pool ,school , mall , library , wait , talk to , talk about , activity , camero , bird 重點、難點：1.be動詞am , is , are的用法;be動詞前面我們已經(jīng)學過，這一單元主要是與分詞一起構成現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)，即be (am , is , are)+V-ing，表示正在干什么。它主要是隨主語人稱的變化而選擇不同的。2..現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)上面我們講be (am , is , are) 時已提及進行時態(tài)，其句子的構成情況我們通過下面的兩個表格中的問句、答句來具體體現(xiàn)：3.現(xiàn)在分詞的構成現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中be + V - ing 的構成中V-ing被稱為現(xiàn)在分詞，它的基本構成是動詞原形＋ing，但也有些特殊情況，下面分幾類說明：（1）一般情況＋ing如：read→reading，go→going，do→doing，look→looking，listen→listening，watch→watching.（2）以不發(fā)音的e結尾的詞，去掉e，再加ing.如：write→writing，skate→skating，type→typing，wake→waking，make→making
人教版新目標初中英語八年級上冊When was he born教案
1.能掌握單元的詞匯，習慣用語和基本句型。2.能用who, when, how long等對句中的事件、時間、人物等提問并作相應的回答。3. 能聽懂本單元學習活動中的問題，做出較得體的回答。4. 能掌握有關名人生活的動詞且能熟練運用；掌握wh-特殊疑問句的運用。5. 能運用所學詞匯詢問名人成名的情況，學會使用一般過去時態(tài)表示過去所發(fā)生的事情。 6. 能對自己小時候會做什么事情這一話題作較具體的描述。7. 能讀懂名人簡介的文章。8. 能會書寫名人的生活簡介。9. 能在描述名人的成就時，激起自己發(fā)奮圖強，努力拼搏，從而為人類的美好明天貢獻自己的一份力量。10. 能根據(jù)需要進行有目的預習，使其對教師的教學內(nèi)容起補充作用。11. 能利用網(wǎng)絡上的學習資源查找信息，用所學內(nèi)容進行真實的交際，積極參與課外英語學習。課時安排4課時：第一課時：Section A: 1a 1b 1c Section B: 1a 1b 3c第二課時：Section A:2a 2b 2c Section B: 2a 2b 2c Section B: 3b
人教版新目標初中英語八年級下冊Will people have robots教案
Teaching goals:1.Words&phrases: robot, paper, less, fewer, simple, unpleasant, factory, seem, etc .2.will 構成的一般將來時態(tài)的陳述句、否定句、疑問句及回答.3.There be 句型的一般將來時.4.more , less , fewer 的用法.5.學習一般將來時態(tài)的相關知識，學會對未來進行預測.6.對five years ago ,today ,in five years 簡潔回顧與展望的方式，貼近實際符合學生心理，激發(fā)學習興趣.7.通過時間對比復習一般過去時態(tài)、一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，鞏固一般將來時.Important and difficult points :1.will構成一般將來時態(tài)的句式。2.There be 句型的一般將來時態(tài)。3.more , fewer , less 的用法。4.How to make predictions .Period 1Teaching procedures:Step 1 Leading in1.Greetings: Welcome to school .What’s the date today ? Who’s on duty today ?Do you enjoy your winter holiday ?Do you finish your homework ?Do you want to live on the moon ?Can you guess what will happen in ten years ?Collect the Ss’ answers and say something about their predictions .Step 2 Pre-taskSB Page 2 ,1a .1.Look at the picture :How will the world be different in the future ,100 years from now ?We’re going to talk about sth in 100 years .
人教版新目標初中英語九年級上冊What would you do教案
本課采用任務型教學法,用What would you do if you had a million dollars?這個問句,引出談論假想情況的話題。 采用提問、啟發(fā)和歸納的教法,讓學生易于接受教材內(nèi)容,培養(yǎng)學生的語言運用能力。 四、 教學過程設計 Step Ⅰ. Greet the whole class as usual. Step Ⅱ. Warming-up T: Do you have ten Yuan in your pocket? S1: No, I don’t. T: (Take out ten Yuan and give it to the student) OK, never mind. What would you do if it was yours? What would you do if you had ten Yuan? S1: I would buy snacks. T: OK, thank you. Sit down, please. (To the whole class) Just now, it was only ten Yuan. What about 100 Yuan? What would you doif you had 100 Yuan? S2: I’d buy a beautiful jacket. T: Thank you. (To the whole class) Now suppose you had a million dollars, what would you do? We know thatone dollar nearly equals eight Yuan, so that’s a large sum of money. Think it over carefully and tellme your ideas. What would you do if you had a million dollars? S3: I’d buy a big house. S4: I’d buy a sports car. S5: I’d put it in the bank. T: OK, stop here. Please look at the blackboard and guess what would I do if I had a million
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Discovering Useful Structure教案
（形容詞短語most beautiful的構成形式為:副詞+形容詞，該短語在句中作定語修飾名詞bird）④A good friend is someone who makes you really happy.好朋友就是能讓你真正高興的人。（形容詞短語really happy的構成形式為:副詞+形容詞，該短語在句中作賓語補足語）[即學即練]畫出下例句中的形容詞短語并指明構成形式如:It is less cold today than it was yesterday.構成形式: 副詞+形容詞（1）Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.（2）The road is long enough.（3）The medicine is good for stomach.三、副詞短語（Adverb Phrases）副詞短語:指以一個副詞為中心構成的短語，在句中的功能相當于副詞，可以修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。常見副詞短語的構成形式有:（副詞）+副詞如: much more beautifully①He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在這里工作。（副詞短語here yesterday修飾動詞did）②Bill did the work very well.比爾做的這份工作很好。副詞短語very well修飾動詞did③We are all entirely responsible for our action（副詞短語all entirely, 修飾形容詞短語responsible for）
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Reading and Thinking教案
【教材分析】The topic of this unit is about teenage life, which belongs to the theme context of “humans and oneself”.As teenagers who shoulder the responsibility of “Chinese great dream”, they must fully know themselves, including their strengths, weaknesses and challenges etc. They are supposed to improve themselves continuously and readily study their subjects, and thus foster their strategies and confidence in lifelong studies.This period is entitled the freshmen challenges, which mainly concerns some big challenges for new students in Senior high school. In this period, a teacher should lead students to find out what their challenges are and guide them to figure out how to crack the challenges and better themselves. More importantly, a teacher should instruct students to absorb new language points and appreciate the language. Besides, a teacher must instruct students to acquire some skills concerning reading efficiently and inspire them to talk more about their new school life, especially their new problems and solutions both at school and in life.【教學目標與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Enable students to acquire the basic usage of the new words and expressions concerning the freshmen challenges and learn to use them flexibly.2. Enable students to have a good understanding of the freshmen challenges in the new senior high school which is quite different from junior middle school.3. Develop students’ sense of cooperative learning and individual thinking capability. 4. Develop students’ different learning skills to solve different reading comprehensive problems.