(Play the recording twice again.) (Check the answer.) ③Pairwork. Draw your own picture and talk about it. T: We find out the picture of Lin Hai’s family. Can you draw a picture of your family? SS: … T: OK. When you finish drawing, tell your partner about your picture. You can use “This is …” and “ These are …” to talk about. Then report it to the class. (Students work.) (Check students’ work. Ask two or three students to report.) Step Three: Task. Talk about the family tree. T: Look at the family tree. I think it’s a big family. You can do it in groups of four or three. You can do it in pairs or only by yourself. Then report it to the class. (Students work. Teacher walks around in the classroom and helps the students.) T: Stop here. Let’s check it out. (Choose students to do it.) S1: Look at my family tree. This is my… This is my … They have two … This is my … This is my …This is my …This is my. My parents have two children. This is…This is my …My uncle and my aunt have a son. He is my … (Ask two more students to do it.) Homework. Write a passage about your family.
一、知識和能力目標通過本單元教學(xué),使學(xué)生能運用所學(xué)英語,正確地描述物體的顏色;同時進一步學(xué)習(xí)分辨人物的用語,并加以運用。二、過程和方法目標本單元口語訓(xùn)練應(yīng)當(dāng)自始至終在一種鮮明的色彩背景下進行,旨在營造那種為學(xué)生所喜愛的歡快氣氛,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)在十種顏色上大做文章;在使用實物時要使顏色醒目;在組合圖畫時,要盡量用大色塊;在使用投影時要使顏色突出來。教師可以從教室環(huán)境上入手營造色彩氣氛,如:選取十種顏色的硬色板,剪成各個大寫字母;或者將色板剪成各種卡通動物形象,懸掛在教室當(dāng)中或在墻上,注明各種顏色的英語字塊。三、情感態(tài)度和價值觀目標用各種可以調(diào)動學(xué)生積極性的活動來提高學(xué)生的活躍性,激發(fā)他們參與討論的熱情。同時可以對學(xué)生進行美育教育,從小培養(yǎng)他們對美的正確認識。
本單元主要學(xué)習(xí)名詞所有格 ('s 所有格 ) 的構(gòu)成和使用。在初次接觸 “ 名詞所有格 ” 時,學(xué)生較難理解的可能是 “ 所有格 ” 這個名稱,對于它的構(gòu)成,學(xué)生也許會覺得較容易。教師可通俗地告訴學(xué)生 “ 所有格 ” 的意思是表示 “…… 的 ” ,這樣學(xué)生反而容易接受。在使用 “ 名詞所有格 ” 形式時,學(xué)生容易犯錯誤或混淆的主要是:將這種一 's 構(gòu)成形式與 is 的縮寫形式混淆,如: My father's name's Jin Zhi .,可以這樣告訴學(xué)生:名詞所有格的后面一般應(yīng)接名詞;勿將這種一 's 結(jié)構(gòu)盲目套用與人稱代詞上,代替物主代詞使用,如 He's father's name is Li Cheng 。在教學(xué)初期,可不講授名詞所有格的其它形式,待時機成熟,再向?qū)W生介紹復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格形式的結(jié)構(gòu)一 ' ,如: the students' bikes 。 Self Check 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 Self Check( 教材 P52) 教學(xué)目標 知識與能力 復(fù)習(xí)詞匯 birthday , date , month , January , February , March , April , May , June , July , August , September , October , November , December , date , birth , age , old , speech . contest . trip , party , event , an , festival , pop , concert , chorus , lecture , music ;引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)、鞏固“詢問和談?wù)撊掌凇钡哪繕苏Z言并運用所學(xué)知識安排活動。
1. First, ... then, ... next, ... finally, ...首先,……然后,……接著,……最后,……這是英語中表達做某事的步驟的一種說法。如果步驟較多,還可以說:first-next-after that-later on-finally/at last通常你會聽到說英語國家的人在說 first, next, then, finally 和后面的內(nèi)容時,他們會做一些停頓。這樣就能提前告訴聽者接下來講的是一系列的步驟。這一點在朗讀和聽力中應(yīng)特別注意。2. how many, how much均為疑問詞,同是“多少”,但用法不同。請看:how many修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),how much修飾不可數(shù)名詞。但在用法上,同學(xué)們常犯如下錯誤:1) [誤] How many are there bananas on the table?[正] How many bananas are there on the table?[析] how many, how much 中的many,much是形容詞,常修飾名詞作定語,故后面跟名詞。2) [誤]How much tea are there on the table?[正]How much tea is there on the table?[析] how much修飾不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。how many與how much的區(qū)別可簡記為:前how many:問“多少”,復(fù)數(shù)名詞后面跑;how much問“多少”,不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)好。前者答語用基數(shù)詞,后者答語用數(shù)量關(guān)系。
Teaching goals : 1. Words & phrases: babysit ,get back , fishing , rent , think about , decide(on) , tourist etc. 2. How to talk about future plans . 3. 現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來計劃或行動. 4. 特殊疑問句(where , when , how long引導(dǎo)) Important and difficult points : Drills :What are you doing for vacation ? I’m watching TV . When are you going ? I’m going … . How long are you staying ? We’re staying for five days . Teaching aids : cards and a tape ,a large wall calendar . Period 1 Teaching procedures : Step 1Leading in1. Free talk . 2. Put up the wall calendar . T: I’m staying home on Saturday (pointing to next Saturday ).Ss repeat . Ss: I’m staying home on Saturday . T: OK. Today we’ll learn how to talk about future plans. Step 2Pre-task SB Page 13 , 1a . 1. Look at the picture carefully and tell what you see in the picture . 2. Write the activities from the pictures in the box and add some more . 3. Practice reading . Step 3While-task1. Using the activities we write in 1a to make conversations .For example :What are you doing for vacation ? I’m visiting my uncle . 2. Pairwork .Practice in pairs . 3. 用第三人稱練習(xí)對話.
“Go for it!” is based on “Task-Based Language Teaching”. It adheres to “The authenticity principle”, “The form-function principle”, “The task dependency principle” and “The principle of learning by doing”. These principles all accord with the demands of curriculum focus.In and of Grade Seven (II), “Go for it!”, students have learned “The Simple Past Tense”. And it appears again in of Grade Eight (I). teaches students more about how to talk about events in the past. In addition, it gives affirmative and negative statements in the past tense, such as the sentence patterns “Did you see …?” “Were there …?” “Did you go …?” As the first part of Unit 8, Section A opens with a picture presenting the last school trip in the aquarium and continues with several step-by-step practice activities, which are all good for students to master “The Simple Past Tense”. Doing well in Section A will help students integrate the new target language with that in Section B. Thus, they can describe the events in the past freely and foster their own ability of reflecting and practicing. II. Teaching ObjectivesTeaching objective is the beginning and aim of teaching activities. According to the overall goal of the English elementary course--- improve students' synthetic ability of language application, which should be based on the development of students’ “Language knowledge”, “Language skills”, “Character building”, “Learning strategies” and “Cross-cultural awareness”. The teaching objectives are described as follows(I). Knowledge objectivesi. Master the simple past tense of regular and irregular verbsii. Recite the new words and expressions about the last school trip in the aquarium, including their pronunciation and intonation
教學(xué)目標1.知識目標:(1)學(xué)習(xí)What are you going to be when you grow up?/How are you going to do that?句式。(2)學(xué)會用英語描述有關(guān)職業(yè)的表達法。2.能力目標:(1)能夠談?wù)摓閷崿F(xiàn)理想所做出的打算和安排。(2)能夠談?wù)撐磥碜约号c他人理想的職業(yè)及原因。(3)能用英語描述課余時間的活動安排,最終具備表達綜合信息的能力。3.情感目標:新學(xué)期到來之際,讓他們在學(xué)習(xí)、體育、飲食、特長、讀書等方面制定計劃,教育學(xué)生合理安排自己的課外生活,思考自己的理想職業(yè)及適合自己的職業(yè)。教學(xué)重點、難點本單元的重點為“be going to”表將來,want to be, what,where, when,how引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。難點是語言目標的實現(xiàn)。教材分析本單元以I am going to be a basketball player為話題,共設(shè)計了三部分的內(nèi)容:一、Section A該部分有4個模塊。第一模塊圍繞Do you think these jobs are interesting?這一話題展開思維(1a)、聽力(1b)、口語(1c)訓(xùn)練;
Step 3 (3b)First, tell the students when we talk about our future plans, we often use: I’m+verb+ing When we talk about what we must do, we use have to. Ask the students to fill in the blanks in 3b. The answers are: shopping, go to see, a test, I’m going, my family. Step 4 (3c)Let the students write an e-mail message to a friend. Say why you can’t visit next. Before the exercise, ask the students to give some possible answers and write them on the blackboard. So the students will feel easy to finish the writing exercise. After they finish it, Let them to correct it in groups first. Each group chooses theirs best one to read in front of the whole class. Step 5 ( planning a party )First read the conversation in the box together. Then ask the students to turn to page 88.Write down everything you have to do next week. Write in all the things you have to do . Ask the students to look at the list. Ask them “What day are you free?” This is when you can have your party. Step 6 (Self check 1 )Let the students to fill in the blanks with the words given. Change the forms of the words if possible. Then make their own sentences. The answers are: visit, playing, have to, study, comeStep 7 (Self check 2)Imagine you are Marie. Read the information and look at your schedule. Write replies to the invitation.
一、 教學(xué)內(nèi)容Section A 1a----1c二、 教學(xué)目標1.學(xué)習(xí)詞匯do the dishes, make the bed, take out the trash, fold the clothes, do the laundry, sweep the floor, clean the living room.2.句型 Could you please clean your room? Yes, sure.三、 教學(xué)準備 學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)本單元所有的詞匯多媒體課件 活動表 獎品四、 教學(xué)過程Pre-task1. Warming upEnjoy ourselves. Watch cartoon Cinderella. 看動畫片段《灰姑娘》導(dǎo)如入本課話題和新詞匯“chores”美麗善良的鬼姑娘因繼母的嫉妒,每天得做所有的家務(wù)。片段的主題使學(xué)生聯(lián)想到本課的話題。2. learn new words and phrasesLook! What is she / he dong? 看圖學(xué)習(xí)動詞詞組do chores, do the dishes, make the bed, take out the trash, fold the clothes, do the laundry, clean the living room.3. Guessing game.What is she doing ? 4. Pair work. 1a, Do you do these things at home? Write “Y” for “yes” and “N” for “no”.5. Listening . 1b , Peter’s chores or Mom’s chores?理解目標語Could you please clean your room? Yes, sure.Write “M” for Mom’s chores, “P” for Peter’s chores in the chart.6. PairworkLook at the picture,Ask your partner to do the chores that you see. 7. Interview Who is the most able at home? 1) What chores do you do at home? How often do you do the chores? Work in four, interview each of the students in the group, fill in the chart.
Step Ⅶ Role play ( Work on 1b)1. First ask two students to read the dialogue to the class.Sa: How do you get to school?Sb: Well, I ride my bike to the subway station. Then I take the subway.2. Now work with a partner.Suppose you use two kinds of transportation to get to school \Hangzhou\Beijing... (bus, train, subway, walking, bike, etc.) Tell how you get there. You may use the phrases in 1a.3. Then ask different pairs of students to present their conversations to the class.Step ⅧListening1. Work on 2a(1) First ask students to read the list of information that Thomas wants to know.…where Nina lives.…h(huán)ow far from school she lives.…h(huán)ow long it takes to get to school.…h(huán)ow she gets to school.…what she thinks of the transportation.(2) Tell students what transportation and bus stop mean.bus stop 汽車站 transportation n. 運送;運輸Then tell students we'll hear a recording. Please put a checkmark in front of each thing that Thomas wants to know.(3) Now play the recording for students.( Have students pay attention to the sample answer.) (4) Then correct the answers.
1 交通工具的比較此活動為小組活動。學(xué)生通過討論找出到達某一城市可乘坐的各種交通工具,并選擇最佳出行方式。Teacher:We’re going to Shanghai. How many ways can we use to get there? Yes, there are four ways: by bus, by plane, by train, by ship. Please discuss how you are going to get there.操作建議:(1)學(xué)生以小組為單位展開活動,談?wù)摫窘M所選擇的交通工具。(2)各組選代表向全班匯報,闡述本組所選擇的交通工具的利和弊。完成任務(wù)所需要的語言結(jié)構(gòu):We can go there by ship. It’s more comfortable and cheaper than any other transportation.We can go there by bus. It’s cheaper but it takes longer time.2 哪個城市更合適?此活動具有挑戰(zhàn)性。假設(shè)中國要舉行2014年世界杯足球賽,分別從歷史,人文,天氣等方面對各城市(北京,大連,上海,昆明)進行比較,選擇最佳舉辦城市。T: Imagine China is holding the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Which city do you think is the best for the World Cup, Beijing, Dalian, Shanghai or Kunming? Let’s work in groups. If you choose Beijing, please join the Team Red. If you chose Dalian, please join the Team White. If you choose Shanghai, please join the Team Blue. If you choose Kunming, please join the Team Green. Please show us its advantages. Then let’s see which team will win.
教學(xué)重點和難點:運用所掌握的語言描述,比較不同地點的特點。在練習(xí)中學(xué)習(xí)掌握英語比較級和最高級的用法。課前準備分配小組,每組五至六人。通過上網(wǎng)或翻閱報刊雜志等方法,確定旅游線路,做出基本的旅游計劃。教學(xué)設(shè)計:本節(jié)課流程圖 學(xué)法指導(dǎo):1.由于這是一堂新課,在教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意面向全體,發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體性,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極參與,激發(fā)學(xué)生的求知欲和學(xué)習(xí)積極性,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極思維,主動獲取知識,養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)方法。逐步學(xué)會獨立解決問題??傊M可能調(diào)動學(xué)生的非智力因素促進智力因素的發(fā)展。教法選擇:1.電化教學(xué)法2.課堂討論法3.任務(wù)型教學(xué)法采用這些方法的目的是為了充分調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,使學(xué)生變被動學(xué)習(xí)為主動學(xué)習(xí)。通過電腦形象的演示,加強印象,提高興趣,突破難點,提高教學(xué)效率,進而增大教學(xué)的容量和信息量。充分體現(xiàn)教師為主導(dǎo),學(xué)生為主體的教學(xué)原則。
She shouldn’t go to the party tonight.Step7. TaskT: You know, there are lots of problems in our life. If you are a doctor, please tell us how to solve the problem. I will divide you into 9 groups. Please work in groups. And then choose one of you to report your ideas.The following are the problems:I have a toothache.I am hungry. I have a sore throat.I am stressed out. I have a sore back.I am tired. I can’t sleep.I have a cold. I have a headache.Report: If you have a headache, you should go to bed early. You should see the doctor. You should eat some medicine. You shouldn’t wash your face with cold water.You shouldn’t sleep late.You shouldn’t swim.…..T encourages the students to give advice as much as possible.Homework:1. Chose one of the problems, and write down your advice2. Copy the new words這一步是用于熱身的,同時也可以讓他們復(fù)習(xí)一部分的表示人體部位的單詞,擴充知識.學(xué)習(xí)語言的過程也是一個不斷積累的過程,復(fù)習(xí)舊知識,增添新知識.通過小游戲,強化學(xué)生對Does she/he have…這個句子的運用能力.通過復(fù)習(xí),自然的引到下面新知識的學(xué)習(xí)。充分利用表格,由句子到對話,再到文章,讓學(xué)生循序漸進. 提高學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力,運用以前學(xué)過的知識來解決身邊的問題.Period 5 (Section B 3a—3c, selfcheck)教學(xué)內(nèi)容與分析:
《樹之歌》是統(tǒng)編版二年級上冊第二單元的一篇識字課文。介紹樹木特征的歸類識字歌,描寫了楊樹、榕樹、梧桐樹……等11種樹木,表現(xiàn)了大自然樹木種類的豐富。課文安排了一組“木”字旁歸類識字。把樹木的名稱集中在一首詩歌中,讓學(xué)生在感受美麗景色、感受美好生活的同時,認識事物,認識表示樹木的漢字,感知不同樹木的名稱。教學(xué)的過程中可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在誦讀文本的同時,體現(xiàn)多樣的識字形式,要將識字教學(xué)與閱讀文本有機融合, 在反復(fù)的讀書體會中,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)漢字規(guī)律,運用形聲字形旁表義、聲旁表音的特點歸類識字,并鼓勵學(xué)生運用已經(jīng)掌握的方法自主識字。 1.認識“梧、桐”等15個生字,會寫“楊、壯”等10個生字。學(xué)會運用形聲字的特點自主識字。2.正確、流利地朗讀兒歌,并背誦全文。3.通過看圖和讀兒歌,初步了解11種樹木的基本特點。積累與樹木有關(guān)的語句。4.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會觀察身邊的事物,樹立愛護花草樹木的意識。 1.教學(xué)重點:學(xué)會本課生字,利用形聲字特點掌握木字旁的8個生字。朗讀課文,背誦課文。了解不同樹木的特點。2.教學(xué)難點:能按掌握形聲字的構(gòu)字特點,了解11種樹木的基本特點。積累與樹木有關(guān)的語句。能背誦課文。 2課時
《場景歌》是統(tǒng)編版二年級上冊第二單元的一篇識字課文。這是一組數(shù)量詞歸類識字。把數(shù)量詞分類集中在四幅不同的圖畫之中,讓學(xué)生在感受美麗景色、感受美好生活的同時,認識事物,認識表示事物的漢字,初步感知不同事物數(shù)量詞的表達方式。全文共五節(jié)。第一節(jié)是一幅大海風(fēng)景圖。第二節(jié)是一幅山村田園風(fēng)光圖。第三節(jié)是一幅公園景色圖。第四幅是少先隊員活動的場面。教師要充分調(diào)動學(xué)生的積極性,采用各種各樣的方法,讓學(xué)生自己認字,朗讀。在教學(xué)的過程中,通過結(jié)合圖片和上下文,欣賞美麗景色,感受美好生活,同時認識事物,初步感知不同事物數(shù)量詞的表達方式。 1.認識“帆、艘”等10個生字,會寫“處、園”等10個生字。2.正確朗讀課文。初步感受場景展示的美麗景色,了解不同事物數(shù)量詞的不同的表達。3.選擇照片或圖畫,仿照課文,學(xué)習(xí)用數(shù)量詞表達生活中的事物。4.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生留心觀察周圍事物的習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力和想象能力。 1.教學(xué)重點:會認、會寫課文相關(guān)生字。正確朗讀課文。背誦課文。初步感受場景展示的美麗景色,了解不同事物量詞的不同表達。2.教學(xué)難點:培養(yǎng)學(xué)生留心觀察周圍事物的習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力和想象能力。學(xué)習(xí)用數(shù)量詞表達生活中的事物。 2課時
2.攻辯階段。(1)第一輪攻辯:正方二辯選擇反方二辯或三辯進行一對一攻辯,時間為1分30秒。(2)第二輪攻辯:反方二辯選擇正方二辯或三辯進行一對一攻辯,時間為1分30秒。(3)第三輪攻辯:正方三辯選擇反方二辯或三辯進行一對一攻辯,時間為1分30秒。(4)第四輪攻辯:反方三辯選擇正方二辯或三辯進行一對一攻辯,時間為1分30秒。(5)正方一辯進行攻辯小結(jié),時間為1分30秒。(6)反方一辯進行攻辯小結(jié),時間為1分30秒。3.自由辯論階段。由正方先開始,雙方自由辯論,時間一共為8分鐘,雙方各4分鐘。4.結(jié)辯階段。(1)反方四辯總結(jié)陳詞,時間為3分鐘。(2)正方四辯總結(jié)陳詞,時間為3分鐘。5.觀眾提問。觀眾分別向正方和反方提兩個問題,正方和反方自由作答,每個問題回答時間不超過1分鐘。根據(jù)評分標準,評委進行打分,培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的公平意識;評選出最佳團隊和最佳辯手,有利于調(diào)動學(xué)生參與的積極性。【設(shè)計意圖】辯論賽的舉行,有利于調(diào)動學(xué)生的知識儲備,提升知識運用能力,而且鍛煉了學(xué)生的語言表達能力,提升了邏輯思維能力,培養(yǎng)了團隊合作精神。
一、新課導(dǎo)入同學(xué)們,你們一定讀過不少關(guān)于讀書的名言吧,比如“讀書忌死讀,死讀鉆牛角”“讀一本好書,就是和許多高尚的人談話”“讀書要有感受,要有審美感,對他人的金玉良言,要能融會貫通,并使之付諸實現(xiàn)”等。 這些名言,都體現(xiàn)了名人對于讀書的看法。今天,我們要一起學(xué)習(xí)著名作家培根的《談讀書》,看看他對讀書有哪些獨到的見解,能給我們帶來什么啟示。(板書課題)【設(shè)計意圖】從關(guān)于讀書的名人名言切入,拓展學(xué)生對于名人讀書心得的了解,激發(fā)學(xué)生探究的興趣。二、概括文章內(nèi)容,梳理文章層次1.自由閱讀課文,看看作者圍繞著“讀書”,提出了哪些觀點?讀的時候,把文中相關(guān)的句子勾畫出來。(1)讀書足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才。(2)讀書時不可存心詰難作者,不可盡信書上所言,亦不可只為尋章摘句,而應(yīng)推敲細思。(3)書有可淺嘗者,有可吞食者,少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。(4)讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,作文使人準確。(5)讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯:凡有所學(xué),皆成性格。
開門見山,免去了君臣相見的繁文縟節(jié)的敘述;“齊人三鼓”一句,就包括了齊軍的第一次和第二次擊鼓進擊而魯軍未出擊的過程,也寫出了齊軍依仗數(shù)量上的優(yōu)勢企圖取勝的急切心理;兩個“可矣”寫出了魯軍進軍的情況;“轍亂”“旗靡”四個字就概括了齊軍潰敗的具體情況。文章拋開殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭場面,無一字描寫,僅一個“齊師敗績”寫明戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)果。多四字句,如“曹劌請見”“犧牲玉帛”“一鼓作氣”等,讀來典雅端莊,辭約而意豐,言簡而意明。疑難探究1.如何理解曹劌以平民身份而主動“論戰(zhàn)”的行為?曹劌堪稱中國古代平民政治家與軍事家。他只是魯國的一介平民,并非“肉食者”,本無機會參與國家大事的商討和實施。但他憑借著一顆赤誠的愛國之心,積極參與抵御外敵入侵的政治謀劃與軍事行動,并創(chuàng)造了以弱勝強的戰(zhàn)爭奇跡。2.請試著從曹劌、魯莊公、戰(zhàn)爭這三個角度分別用四個字對文章每一段內(nèi)容進行概括。從曹劌的角度可以概括為:曹劌論戰(zhàn)—曹劌參戰(zhàn)—曹劌釋疑。從魯莊公的角度可以概括為:莊公將戰(zhàn)—莊公實戰(zhàn)—莊公問因。從戰(zhàn)爭的角度可以概括為:戰(zhàn)前準備—戰(zhàn)爭過程—戰(zhàn)勝原因。
詞人如此有違常規(guī),造成了一種拗峭不凡的氣勢,詞意更加縱橫馳騁,抒情更加酣暢淋漓。2.如何理解《滿江紅》(小住京華)中的“俗子”?從這首詞的語境來看,“俗子”當(dāng)指詞人的丈夫。這與“八年風(fēng)味”的婚姻反思,與“青衫濕”的悲情是前后呼應(yīng)的。秋瑾在后來寫的一首《沁園春》中說:“有多少,遇王郎天壤,辜負才華?!痹陂L篇彈詞《精衛(wèi)石》中說:“道韞文章男不及,偏遇個天壤王郎冤不冤?!边@些詞句,都是借謝道韞所嫁非人,間接抒發(fā)了她對婚姻的失望。王郎天壤(天壤王郎),是謝道韞鄙薄她丈夫王凝之的話,出自《世說新語·賢媛》:“一門叔父,則有阿大、中郎;群從兄弟,則有封、胡、遏、末,不意天壤之中,乃有王郎!”當(dāng)然,從廣義上理解,這首詞中的“俗人”,也可泛指世俗之人。秋瑾到日本后寫的《鷓鴣天》詞中,有“祖國沉淪感不禁,閑來海外覓知音”的詞句,可見“覓知音”意指尋求救國之道,不一定指個人的情感問題。
如何理解文中對于言與意關(guān)系的分析?文章分析了言和意的關(guān)系,認為言是用以表達情感意緒的工具,但意“決不是完全可以”用言來傳達的。因為意是豐富的、無限的、縹緲易逝的,具有混整的特性;而一旦用言語表現(xiàn)出來,意思就固定了、單一了,如果再考慮交流中信息的損耗、接受者理解的不同等因素,用言來表現(xiàn)的意就會出現(xiàn)偏差,而失去其豐富性。這里道出了人類語言先天的局限性。自從產(chǎn)生語言,人類逐漸習(xí)慣于以語言來思維,以固定的語義系統(tǒng)來指稱和描述外在世界,但世界是豐富的、具體的,語言卻是概括的、抽象的,再完備的語義系統(tǒng),都無法完全準確地指稱和描摹每一個個體事物。 黑格爾甚至斷言:“語言本質(zhì)上只表達普遍的東西,但人們所想的卻是特殊的東西,因此不能用語言表達人們所想的東西。”因而,作者說,以言語來表達豐富的“意”,“好像用斷續(xù)的虛線畫實物,只能得其近似”。當(dāng)然,如果通過詞語、概念的辨析,使語言表述精確化、嚴密化,或者采用修辭或文學(xué)的手段,拓展語言的表現(xiàn)力和表現(xiàn)空間,就可以盡可能地使“言” 來表達豐富的“意”。