The activity topic of this section is "report an ongoing event", and the structure is the passive voice of present continuous tense. Rare wild animals are suffering from large-scale poaching, and species are on the brink of danger. Rescue operations are underway. "Being" and "suffering" are the meanings of the present progressive passive voice.The usage of present progressive passive voice is of great importance in writing a good discourse and appreciating some difficult language items, so it is vital to master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Motivate Ss to deepen the understanding of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a fixed context.2. Enable Ss to master the usage of present progressive passive voice and use it flexibly in a context.3. Lead Ss to construct sentences or appreciate sentences used master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper usage of present progressive passive voice.Look at the picture and tell me what are workers doing? What is the house being done?
The listening and speaking part aims at how to protect and help endangered animals by listening, speaking and talking about the facts and reasons. This lesson analyzes the decreasing clause of Tibetan antelope population and the measures of protecting Tibetan antelopes. So students can be guided to learn to analyse the title and use different reading skills or strategies, like scanning, skimming and careful reading.1. Read quickly to get the main ideas and the purpose of going to Tibetan; read carefully to understand what the author see and think.2. Understand the sentences of the present continuous passive voice such as “Much is being done to protect wildlife.” and the inverted sentence “Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet.”3. Enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.4. Cultivate the reading methods according to different materials.1. Read quickly to get the main ideas and the purpose of going to Tibetan; read carefully to understand what the author see and think.2. Understand the sentences of the present continuous passive voice such as “Much is being done to protect wildlife.” and the inverted sentence “Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet.”3. Cultivate the reading methods according to different materials.Step 1 Leading-inWatch a video about elephants and whales and then ask:Why are they endangered ? They are killed/hunted
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.” Due to the continuous deterioration of the living environment, a large number of wild animals are always facing the threat of endangered or extinction. Listening and speaking period enables students to understand the fact and reason why wild species are disappearing from the earth at an amazing speed, and realize that human beings ought to enhance the awareness of protecting wild species as soon as possible.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of " how to help wildlife in Ss’ neighborhood.". Now there are many volunteers who spontaneously protect wild animals, carry out various activities according to local conditions, and contribute their own strength to local animal protection with practical actions. Middle school students are also enthusiastic participants. They organize activities in their spare time, and take this opportunity to make friends, broaden their horizons, cultivate team spirit and communication skills. This section describes a bird watching activity organized by several middle school students of Bird watching Club. It aims to stimulate students' interest, improve their understanding of bird watching activities, and use the language structure of “being used for; in order to, so as to, to, so that, in order that ” to express the purpose for communication and discussion.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of using visuals to predict content.2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I am concerned about…” “what do you know about the endangered animals in…" and so on to talk about one of the endangered animals.
This lesson is about wildlife protection. The listening and speaking is about “How to protect endangered wildlife ?” Faced with the facts and numbers of wildlife loss, people begin to detect the reasons, then people such as the celebrities (Prince William and Yao Ming) are calling on to protect them. So students are guided to enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife and try to take part in some volunteer activities of protecting wildlife.1. Predict the content by using visuals. 2. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?3. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.4. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.5. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.1. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.2. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.3. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?4. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.Part A Listening and Speaking--- How to save endangered wildlifeStep 1 Lead in1. Point at the pictures on P14 and ask Q1: What message do these posters share?
The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
1. 標(biāo)題首先根據(jù)海報(bào)的特點(diǎn)、格式寫(xiě)明標(biāo)題。海報(bào)中往往把內(nèi)容作為大標(biāo)題。例如: Save the earth, Save the birds。2. 正文部分不同的海報(bào)其正文部分的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。對(duì)于介紹性的海報(bào), 首先要引出話題, 其次列出原因, 最后是總結(jié)。對(duì)于宣傳類(lèi)的海報(bào), 要寫(xiě)明具體內(nèi)容, 如: 活動(dòng)內(nèi)容, 地點(diǎn)以及參加活動(dòng)的注意事項(xiàng), 主持或舉辦單位等。1. 圖片: 要選擇引人注目的圖片, 與主題要相關(guān), 色彩明亮。話題句式 1. It is a treasure of our country. 它是我國(guó)的國(guó)寶。2. Believe it or not, at present only several thousand pandas exist in the world. 信不信由你, 目前世界上僅現(xiàn)存幾千只熊貓。 3.It’s because of human activities that tigers are endangered. 正是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)的活動(dòng), 老虎處于瀕危的狀態(tài)。4. Many wild animals are in danger of dying out. 很多野生動(dòng)物面臨著滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。 5. The government has taken effective measures to protect them. 政府已采取有效的措施來(lái)保護(hù)它們。6. People should raise the awareness of the protection of wild animals. 人們應(yīng)該提高保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物的意識(shí)。 7. It’s amazing that there are merely less than 1, 000 finless porpoises living in China. 非常令人吃驚, 目前中國(guó)僅有不足1 000只江豚。
教學(xué)設(shè)想:本節(jié)課的主題是“生命之綠,璞玉心靈”,用圈點(diǎn)批注法解讀愛(ài)綠的感情,讓學(xué)生在批注中明確“綠”的象征意義,而不只是結(jié)論的傳遞。同時(shí)借助于閱讀、感受和理解把握作者對(duì)綠的認(rèn)識(shí)是不斷升華的,由一般對(duì)生命希望之綠的喜愛(ài),到與綠交往后被它的不畏強(qiáng)暴,永遠(yuǎn)向陽(yáng)的精神所折服,最后在特定的時(shí)代背景下綠在作者的心目中已經(jīng)成了我們民族不屈精神的象征。讓學(xué)生評(píng)中求解,評(píng)中悟情,評(píng)中明理,評(píng)中品味。教學(xué)進(jìn)程:一、導(dǎo)語(yǔ)上節(jié)課我們學(xué)習(xí)了朱自清的《綠》,初步了解了讀書(shū)動(dòng)筆的基本方法,這節(jié)課我們繼續(xù)用圈點(diǎn)批注的方法來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)陸蠡的散文《囚綠記》。二、釋題師:看標(biāo)題,囚綠之“綠”在文中具體指什么?(一株常春藤)“囚”就是囚禁的意思,那題目就是記述囚禁綠色常春藤的經(jīng)過(guò)。三、圈點(diǎn)、把握情節(jié)作者為什么要囚綠呢?文中除了寫(xiě)“囚綠”之外,還寫(xiě)了哪些有關(guān)綠的意念和行動(dòng)?帶著這樣的質(zhì)疑用自己喜歡的方式朗讀課文,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?nèi)c(diǎn)出疑難字詞,或結(jié)合書(shū)下注釋?zhuān)蛲瑢W(xué)合作解決,解決不了的,可提出來(lái)我們共同解決。標(biāo)注段落節(jié)次。勾畫(huà)出表現(xiàn)作者對(duì)綠意念和行動(dòng)的句子。
◇小辭典:綠色閱讀隨著知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的到來(lái),全球化信息浪潮正鋪天蓋地席卷而來(lái)。尤其足隨著我國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織由夢(mèng)想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí),同國(guó)外進(jìn)行頻繁而廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流,在所難免。在大量文化信息面前,就像物質(zhì)生活中倡導(dǎo)綠色食品一樣,對(duì)于精神食糧,也應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)綠色閱讀。綠色閱讀,是一種無(wú)污染的有利于人健康文明生活的閱讀。文化就像大自然那種綠色帶給我們永久愉悅一樣,它是高科技競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中源源不斷地給我們充電的高效營(yíng)養(yǎng)庫(kù),是一個(gè)沙漠中穿行人身心交瘁時(shí)望到的一片綠洲,是一個(gè)人葆有的、沒(méi)有受到任何污染的、永遠(yuǎn)都清如許的“半畝方塘”。◇課堂練習(xí):在我國(guó),必須大力倡導(dǎo)“愛(ài)國(guó)守法、明禮誠(chéng)信、團(tuán)結(jié)友善、勤儉自強(qiáng)、敬業(yè)奉獻(xiàn),的基本道德規(guī)范。這些基本道德規(guī)范()①是我國(guó)社會(huì)主義文化建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容②是我國(guó)社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的重要特征③是我國(guó)社會(huì)主義道德的重要體現(xiàn)④是社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的唯一精神動(dòng)力
(1)宗教有它自身的發(fā)展規(guī)律,不能簡(jiǎn)單的用行政力量去消滅或發(fā)展宗教,實(shí)行宗教信仰自由政策是遵循宗教發(fā)展規(guī)律,科學(xué)處理宗教問(wèn)題。(2)宗教信仰自由是憲法賦予公民的民主權(quán)利,實(shí)行宗教信仰自由政策有利于加強(qiáng)信教群眾與不信教群眾的團(tuán)結(jié),引導(dǎo)宗教與社會(huì)主義社會(huì)相適應(yīng)。2、弘揚(yáng)科學(xué)精神我國(guó)是在馬列主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、三個(gè)代表重要思想指引下的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家,要建設(shè)社會(huì)主義物質(zhì)文明、政治文明,也要建設(shè)社會(huì)主義精神文明。加強(qiáng)對(duì)人民群眾的科學(xué)世界觀和無(wú)神論教育,形成文明、健康、崇尚科學(xué)的社會(huì)風(fēng)尚,逐步消除宗教存在的社會(huì)根源何認(rèn)識(shí)根源,在保護(hù)宗教信仰自由的同時(shí),創(chuàng)造宗教消亡的條件,這是解決在教問(wèn)題的根本途徑。3、中學(xué)生作為中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)未來(lái)的建設(shè)者,要用辯證唯物主義和歷史主義以及現(xiàn)代科學(xué)文化知識(shí)武裝自己,弘揚(yáng)科學(xué)精神,樹(shù)立科學(xué)世界觀,承擔(dān)起建設(shè)祖國(guó)、振興中華的光榮歷史使命。
(一)知識(shí)目標(biāo)識(shí)記:宗教信仰自由的含義。理解:(1)社會(huì)主義條件下宗教存在的長(zhǎng)期性;(2)理解我國(guó)實(shí)行宗教信仰自由的內(nèi)容;(3)依法加強(qiáng)對(duì)宗教事務(wù)管理的有關(guān)規(guī)定。(4)積極引導(dǎo)宗教與社會(huì)主義社會(huì)相適應(yīng)。(二)能力目標(biāo)能運(yùn)用馬克思主義關(guān)于宗教的基本觀點(diǎn),分析說(shuō)明我國(guó)實(shí)行宗教信仰自由的正確性和必要性。(三)情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀目標(biāo)通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí),加強(qiáng)宗教的政策觀念,自覺(jué)抵制和反對(duì)各種迷信活動(dòng),特別是認(rèn)清法輪功的邪教本質(zhì)。三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)全面理解和貫徹宗教信仰自由政策既是重點(diǎn)又是難點(diǎn),教學(xué)中緊緊抓住中央一再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)的三句話:(1)全面貫徹宗教政策;(2)加強(qiáng)對(duì)宗教事務(wù)管理:(3)引導(dǎo)宗教與社會(huì)主義社會(huì)相適應(yīng)。四、學(xué)情分析這是本課的難點(diǎn)。我國(guó)是多民族的國(guó)家,也是多宗教的國(guó)家,特別是宗教對(duì)一些少數(shù)民族有廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。我們東部地區(qū)的學(xué)生,很多人還存在疑惑:我們社會(huì)主義國(guó)家為什么還允許宗教存在,實(shí)行宗教信仰自由政策呢?
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】 (1)、區(qū)位的含義;(2)、農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)位選擇的主要因素;(3)、農(nóng)業(yè)地域的概念、類(lèi)型?!窘虒W(xué)重、難點(diǎn)及解決辦法] 】重點(diǎn):影響農(nóng)業(yè)的主要自然區(qū)位因素;社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素及其發(fā)展變化對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)位的影響。難點(diǎn):運(yùn)用所學(xué)原理,合理評(píng)價(jià)選擇農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)位。解決方法:知識(shí)講授、案例分析、問(wèn)題探究與討論【教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備】多媒體課件缺勤登記:三、自然因素的利用和改造1.充分利用:光熱水土并擴(kuò)大范圍2.及時(shí)改造:使之更合理地發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)四、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的發(fā)展變化1.市場(chǎng)區(qū)位及需求的變化2.交通運(yùn)輸條件的改善和冷藏技術(shù)的發(fā)展,擴(kuò)展了市場(chǎng)
巴金在十年浩劫中的大致經(jīng)歷:放棄包弟并沒(méi)有換得保全一家人,1968年8月,巴金被關(guān)進(jìn)牛棚改造,隨后經(jīng)受了大字報(bào)、掛牌游街等形式的批斗。1970年,到農(nóng)村改造,掏大糞、喂豬、背稻草、種地……1972年,妻子蕭珊在飽受精神折磨后患上癌癥,病逝。巴金的兒子在勞動(dòng)改造的過(guò)程中也飽受精神和肉體上的折磨,性格變得內(nèi)向抑郁,疾病纏身。此時(shí),巴金69歲。巴金曾在《病中》一文寫(xiě)道:“當(dāng)姚文元拿著棒子的時(shí)候,我給關(guān)在牛棚里除了唯唯諾諾之外,敢于做過(guò)什么事情?十年間我不過(guò)是一條含著眼淚等人宰割的牛?!毙〗Y(jié):(幻燈片12)社會(huì)是病態(tài)的社會(huì),政治是高壓的政治,人性是扭曲的人性。十年文革,十年浩劫,給多少人留下了累累不可彌合的精神創(chuàng)傷。即使一條小狗,也可能擺脫不了“文革”無(wú)情的迫害,比如包弟,比如藝術(shù)家鄰居的小狗。
第7~10段,我們?nèi)〉昧顺醪降某删?。先?xiě)毛澤東主席的號(hào)召,激勵(lì)無(wú)數(shù)的航天人去實(shí)現(xiàn)千年夢(mèng)想;接著寫(xiě)我們的計(jì)劃,上天畢竟是一件天大的事情,不是誰(shuí)一句話就能吹上去的,需要有周密的計(jì)劃,這計(jì)劃的第一步是研制火箭,成功了,而從毛主席發(fā)出號(hào)召開(kāi)始到火箭成功發(fā)射才用了1年零9個(gè)月;又用了不到10年的時(shí)間中國(guó)的第一顆人造衛(wèi)星又上了天,“宣告中國(guó)進(jìn)入了航天時(shí)代”。由號(hào)召,到計(jì)劃,到成功,一步一步寫(xiě)來(lái),緊張的任務(wù),緊湊的文章,娓娓道來(lái),條理清晰。第11~13段,人造衛(wèi)星上天了,下一步就是載人飛天,圓千年夢(mèng)想。我們也做了大量的準(zhǔn)備工作,一是航天材料、食品等的準(zhǔn)備,一是航天員的準(zhǔn)備,已經(jīng)挑選了19位優(yōu)秀的飛行員,他們是航天員的預(yù)備軍??磥?lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)人的航天夢(mèng)已為時(shí)不遠(yuǎn)了??墒窃诳茖W(xué)上是沒(méi)有坦途的,由于多方面的原因,計(jì)劃擱淺了,我們的飛天夢(mèng)想“只能塵封在一張張構(gòu)思草圖中”,這是多么遺憾的事啊!
【教學(xué)意圖】要了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,必須閱讀古詩(shī)文名著名篇。但在中國(guó)文化形成過(guò)程中影響最大的是什么?可以說(shuō)是儒家學(xué)說(shuō),包括《論語(yǔ)》這部經(jīng)典?!墩撜Z(yǔ)》等書(shū)是讀書(shū)人求仕做官的必修課本,是知識(shí)分子的思想言行基礎(chǔ),而且影響到整個(gè)社會(huì)生活,內(nèi)容包括倫理道德、教育體制、民間習(xí)俗等方面的思想。因此,要了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,有必要讀一讀《論語(yǔ)》?!窘虒W(xué)設(shè)計(jì)】因《論語(yǔ)》的年代已久遠(yuǎn),對(duì)學(xué)生而言,要理解透徹文句是比較深?yuàn)W困難的,因此必須在充分理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)《論語(yǔ)》進(jìn)行思想上的解讀。可由教師從《論語(yǔ)》中概括出幾點(diǎn)與生活、現(xiàn)實(shí)相關(guān)的要點(diǎn),要求學(xué)生分組進(jìn)行透徹的學(xué)習(xí)和領(lǐng)會(huì),如“小人與君子”、“學(xué)習(xí)的方法”、“教育的理念”等等。〖教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)〗讀《論語(yǔ)》知儒家思想?!冀虒W(xué)方法〗講解啟發(fā)、探究梳理、拓展延伸。
教學(xué)過(guò)程:一、交流誦讀課文技巧?!?jié)奏、韻腳、感情……(5分鐘)二、再讀確定自己的學(xué)習(xí)主題(15分)1、主題提示:音樂(lè)美、繪畫(huà)美、建筑美簡(jiǎn)介詩(shī)歌“三美”追求聞一多先生是我國(guó)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上集詩(shī)人、學(xué)者和斗士于一身的重要詩(shī)人。他不但致力于新詩(shī)藝術(shù)美的探索,提出了音樂(lè)美、繪畫(huà)美、建筑美的詩(shī)歌\"三美\"的新格律詩(shī)理論主張,還努力進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐,寫(xiě)出了許多精美詩(shī)篇。他的新格律詩(shī)理論被后人稱(chēng)為現(xiàn)代詩(shī)學(xué)的奠基石,影響深遠(yuǎn)。《詩(shī)的格律》是聞一多先生系列詩(shī)論中最重要的一篇。在這篇論文中,他系統(tǒng)的提出\"詩(shī)的實(shí)力不獨(dú)包括音樂(lè)的美(音節(jié))、繪畫(huà)的美(詞藻),并且還有建筑的美(節(jié)的勻稱(chēng)和句的均齊)。\"這一關(guān)于新詩(shī)\"三美\"主張遂成為新格律詩(shī)派的理論綱領(lǐng)。
3、介紹對(duì)聯(lián)的歷史引出本課的重點(diǎn)。人類(lèi)歷史上的第一副對(duì)聯(lián)是“新年納余慶,嘉節(jié)號(hào)長(zhǎng)春”。出現(xiàn)在五代十國(guó)時(shí)期(公元964年),距離現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有1044年了。有著一千多年歷史的對(duì)聯(lián)有什么基本的特點(diǎn)呢?這是我們這節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)?jiān)谧母魑划?dāng)回醫(yī)生,給下面這幅對(duì)聯(lián)號(hào)號(hào)脈,看它對(duì)仗是否工整?上聯(lián):冬去春來(lái)千條楊柳迎風(fēng)綠下聯(lián):冰消雪化梅花萬(wàn)朵撲鼻有什么問(wèn)題,怎么改?剛才這幾位同學(xué)指出了這幅對(duì)聯(lián)的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,也提出了兩條修改意見(jiàn)。第一是下聯(lián)少了一個(gè)字,最好是添加一個(gè)“香”字;第二是下聯(lián)的“梅花萬(wàn)朵”與上聯(lián)的“千條楊柳”是數(shù)量詞對(duì)名詞,名詞對(duì)數(shù)量詞,對(duì)仗不工整,要調(diào)整為“萬(wàn)朵梅花”。這樣,數(shù)量詞“萬(wàn)朵”對(duì)“千條”,名詞“梅花”對(duì)“楊柳”。大家還有沒(méi)有不同的看法。這樣我們就可以得出對(duì)聯(lián)的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)特點(diǎn):第一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是上下聯(lián)字?jǐn)?shù)要相等(板書(shū))。就是上聯(lián)有幾個(gè)字,下聯(lián)也要有幾個(gè)字。大家記下來(lái),對(duì)聯(lián)基本要求一,“上下聯(lián)字?jǐn)?shù)相等”。這個(gè)要求是很?chē)?yán)格的,一般來(lái)說(shuō),違反這個(gè)規(guī)則就不成對(duì)聯(lián)了。
書(shū)法藝術(shù)的繁榮期,是從東漢開(kāi)始的東漢時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了專(zhuān)門(mén)的書(shū)法理論著作,最早的書(shū)法理論提出者是東西漢之交的揚(yáng)雄第一部書(shū)法理論專(zhuān)著是東漢時(shí)期崔瑗的《草書(shū)勢(shì)》漢代書(shū)法家可分為兩類(lèi):一類(lèi)是漢隸書(shū)家,以蔡邕為代表一類(lèi)是草書(shū)家,以杜度、崔瑗、張芝為代表,張芝被后人稱(chēng)之為“草圣”最能代表漢代書(shū)法特色的,莫過(guò)於是碑刻和簡(jiǎn)牘上的書(shū)法東漢碑刻林立,這一時(shí)期的碑刻,以漢隸刻之,字型方正,法度謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)、波磔分明此時(shí)隸書(shū)已登峰造極漢代創(chuàng)興草書(shū),草書(shū)的誕生,在書(shū)法藝術(shù)的發(fā)展史上有著重大意義它標(biāo)志著書(shū)法開(kāi)始成為一種能夠高度自由的抒發(fā)情感,表現(xiàn)書(shū)法家個(gè)性的藝術(shù)草書(shū)的最初階段是草隸,到了東漢時(shí)期,草隸進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,形成了章草,后由張芝創(chuàng)立了今草,即草書(shū)
請(qǐng)問(wèn),作者究竟聽(tīng)到歌聲沒(méi)有?”學(xué)生回答:“沒(méi)有?!薄斑@里是比喻,因?yàn)檫@里用得是‘仿佛’一詞……”對(duì),是比喻。也就是說(shuō),作者是用歌聲來(lái)比喻荷香,是吧?“但是,“荷香與歌聲有什么可比的共同點(diǎn)嗎?”“荷香與歌聲都是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)、若有若無(wú)的。”“而且朦朦朧朧的?!薄皩?duì)?!昂上愫透杪暥际恰|縷’的、‘渺茫’的。這是比喻。這是一種特殊的比喻,錢(qián)鐘書(shū)先生把它叫做‘通感’。人們通過(guò)視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)等五官感知外界事物時(shí),在一般情況下,彼此不能交錯(cuò);但在特殊情況下,五官功能卻能出現(xiàn)互相轉(zhuǎn)化、彼此溝通的現(xiàn)象叫“通感”,也叫“移覺(jué)”。舉幾個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明:詩(shī)人艾青曾寫(xiě)詩(shī)這樣描繪日本著名指揮家小澤征爾:‘你的耳朵在偵察,你的眼睛在傾聽(tīng)……’這也是通感。又如:“那笛聲里有故鄉(xiāng)綠色平原上青草的香味,有四月的龍眼花的香味,有太陽(yáng)的光明?!保üL(fēng)《葉笛》)
三、指導(dǎo)第一段的背誦,點(diǎn)撥理解句意,強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),注重文言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)教學(xué)。過(guò)程中要讓學(xué)生反復(fù)讀背。背誦線索:時(shí)間——地點(diǎn)——事件——人物——環(huán)境——活動(dòng)——天氣——感覺(jué)。時(shí)間:永和九年,歲在癸丑,暮春之初。地點(diǎn):會(huì)于會(huì)稽山陰之蘭亭。事件:修稧事也。人物:群賢畢至,少長(zhǎng)咸集。環(huán)境:此地有崇山峻嶺,茂林修竹;又有清流激湍,映帶左右?;顒?dòng):引以為流觴曲水,列坐其次。雖無(wú)絲竹管弦之盛,一觴一詠,亦足以暢敘幽情。天氣:是日也,天朗氣清,惠風(fēng)和暢。感覺(jué):仰觀宇宙之大,俯察品類(lèi)之盛,所以極視聽(tīng)之娛,信可樂(lè)也。四、學(xué)生自讀背誦5分鐘。五、抽一至二名學(xué)生試背課文,教師可作必要的線索提示。第二課時(shí)一、聽(tīng)名家示范朗誦,學(xué)生小聲跟讀。二、復(fù)習(xí)鞏固第一自然段的閱讀背誦。三、朗讀、解析第二自然段,理解文章“由敘入感”的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)。
【設(shè)計(jì)思想】詩(shī)歌教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵是感受詩(shī)景,體味詩(shī)情,領(lǐng)悟詩(shī)意,在此基礎(chǔ)上孕育理解能力、鑒賞能力和審美情感。詩(shī)景、詩(shī)情、詩(shī)意均由文字來(lái)承載,把握文字組合的張力,是讀詩(shī)賞詩(shī)的抓手。杜甫的詩(shī)歌素以煉字精深、涵蓋深遠(yuǎn)著稱(chēng),以《登高》而言,往往淡淡一字,平平一語(yǔ),便籠大千于方寸,縮古今于一瞬。故細(xì)讀文本,咀嚼字句,便是賞景、悟情、會(huì)意的基本路徑。其次,不朽名作的特點(diǎn)是寄寓深廣,古今評(píng)價(jià)甚多,見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智,不一而足。這正是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生問(wèn)題意識(shí)、探究意識(shí)的極好憑借。第三,詩(shī)為語(yǔ)言之精華,是詩(shī)人心里涌出的情感之流。誦讀乃賞詩(shī)之要著,精心感悟之時(shí),設(shè)身處地,心惟口誦,是理解詩(shī)意的關(guān)鍵一步?;谑?,筆者作如下同課異構(gòu),殊途同歸?!窘虒W(xué)目標(biāo)】1.理解本詩(shī)所繪之景、所抒之情及繪景、抒情之法。2.學(xué)會(huì)用意象疊加法、字句推敲法、誦讀體驗(yàn)法等欣賞詩(shī)歌。3.感受杜甫心系蒼生、情寄邦國(guó)、憂國(guó)憂民、兼濟(jì)天下的博大情懷。