(3)v. 給:提出;展現(xiàn),顯現(xiàn)present sb. with sth. ; present sth. to sb. 把. . 交給;頒發(fā);授予present sth. (for sth. )/present sth. to sb. e. g. Om his birthday, his friends presented him a collection of stamps. 在他生日時,他的朋友們送給他一套郵票作為禮物。The sword was presented by the family to the museum. 這家人把寶劍捐贈給了博物館。The committee will present the final report to Parliament in June. 委員會將在六月向議會提交最后的報(bào)告。You need to present yourself better. 你需要更善于展現(xiàn)自己。It is essential that we present a united front. 至關(guān)重要的是我們要表現(xiàn)得更加團(tuán)結(jié)。Step 4 ConsolidationT:Now that we have got a general idea of these words and phrases. Lets make up some sentences using them to master them. Suggested sentences:1. Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone. 2. It is one of the greatest roles that she has played. 3. A large number of people have applied for the job. 4. The number of the panda is declining. 5. I'11 go there, even if I have to walk. 6. He came up to me to ask for a light. 7. The novel is about a family who can't communicate with each other. 8. He based his plan on interests of most people. 9. Why doesn't he make use of his singing talent?Step 5 Summary and homeworkT:Today we dealt with several new words and phrases. After class I hope that youcan read them again and again to keep them in mind. That's all for today. You aredismissed.
In this step, give students a few minutes to read the passage . While they are reading, I will write some key words of the text on the blackboard. Then ask students to retell the passage according to the key words.By retelling, students can improve their ability of language organization and have an overall understanding of the article.Step 4 Group discussionIn this step, students will be divided into groups of 4 to discussion the following question: What qualities make a great person?After their discussion, invite a few groups to make a report to the class.This group discussion can practice students’ oral English and cultivate their abilities of cooperation and communication.Step 5. HomeworkLet students write a short passage to introduce a great person he or she admires.The homework can consolidate the knowledge the students have learned and cultivate their writing ability. Part 6 Blackboard Design(板書設(shè)計(jì))That’s all my teaching procedures. Finally, I’d like to say sth about part 6 blackboard design. On the top is the title. On the left, there will be some new words and expressions. In the middle of the blackboard, I will write some useful sentence structures so that the students can know clearly what they’ve learned and then try to master the knowledge.OK. That’s all for my presentation. Thank you for your attention.
Then I would ask them to think of a funny English or Chinese and tell it to partners. While telling stories, they can use expressions and some acting to help make the story funny. 5 minutes would be given to do this.Those stories they told there will be the material for their writing. Soletting them tell it at first is helpful. And they can make a difference between telling a funny story and writing it down. Generally speaking, it is difficult forstudents to write well because they don’t know what to write and how to write. Asking them to tell their own stories at first can help them come up with what to write.After their telling, I would invite someone to share his/her story with all of us and I would write it down on the blackboard.This example story would be used as a sample to illustrate the format of funny story. Different from a story from teacher or textbook, a story from students can obviously become a interesting material to draw students’ attention.Then I would ask the whole class to put this story into several parts. It might be a little bit difficult for them. So I would ask them to find out whether all the sentences are necessary. After delete some sentences, there are 6 sentences left behind. Then they can easily put them into three parts. After interaction with students, I would teach them the right terms for each part and conclude the format of funny story.This step is the key and difficult point in my lesson. So I mainly usetask-based teaching method in this part and the task for students was divided into several stages. With the separated difficult level, students can find there are usually three parts in writing. They can also learn to write without the unnecessary parts in the process of analyzing. And then I wouldn’t rush to tell them the right terms to them directly. Instead, I would ask them to name them by their own. A confused mind is better for acquiring knowledge.While-writing:Then I would give students 7 minutes to write down this story, without other requirements.With all the preparations in pre-writing, students’ difficulties were cleared. So it would be much easier for them to write down the story within 7 minutes. There are no other requirements because students’ first writing is actually a drafting. It would be revise and edit several times later. Writing, as a skill
The oldest and the most popular park in the worldenjoy the exciting activities thereget close to the life-size cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Step 3 Pre-reading1.What do you suppose a theme park is ?2.What do you think you can see in a theme park?(1.It is a kind of amusement park which has a certain theme – that the whole park is based on. 2.buildings, castles, statues, rare animals and birds, and so on.) Step 4 Reading ----- Theme Parks –---- Fun and More Than Fun1.Predict : Read the title and the pictures on P. 34 and PredictWhat is the meaning of the title “Theme Park – Fun and more than fun”?(The title means that theme parks are fun to visit, but that they can also be educational and can offer useful information.)2.Skimming Fast read and answer:What activities can we take in a theme park?Amusement park: Bumper car Merry-go-round slide bungee jumping Free-fall rides Horror films Pirate ship Ferris wheel roller coaster3.Scanning Read again and you will find various theme parks are mentioned in the passage . Then what are they ?Theme parks: Sports theme park History theme park Culture theme park Marine or Ocean theme Park Future park Science theme park Disneyland4.Careful reading and find the main idea of each paragraph:THEME PARKS---- entertaining/ educationalPara.1 Traditional parks are places to go for relaxation and to have time away from our busy lives.Para.2 Theme parks are different They’re large and full of things to do, see and buy.Para.3 Theme parks are built around a single idea or theme. One example is a sports park.Para.4 Another kind of theme park is historical more and cultural and can be educational.Para.5 Disneylandwas the first theme park. It is based on the fantasy life and characters of Disney’s films.Para.6 Some examples of educational theme parks include sea world parks and science parks.
在接下來的細(xì)讀環(huán)節(jié),我套用了高考對閱讀理解的考查方式設(shè)置了5個問題,分別為三個推理判斷題,一個細(xì)節(jié)題和一個主旨大意題。學(xué)生需要對文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析、歸納、推理、猜測等高級思維活動才能做出正確的回答。【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】這一過程是對學(xué)生進(jìn)行細(xì)讀的訓(xùn)練,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獲取特定信息和挖掘文章深層次信息的能力。第三環(huán)節(jié):Intensive-reading (精讀) 15′第三個環(huán)節(jié)精讀,既是最重要的環(huán)節(jié),也是突破本課重難點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵。首先,讓學(xué)生思考劇本中人物看到百萬英鎊前后的態(tài)度發(fā)生了怎樣的變化。其次,讓學(xué)生仔細(xì)閱讀文章,找出可以表現(xiàn)人物態(tài)度變化的具體的語言和動作。最后,讓學(xué)生總結(jié)人物的態(tài)度發(fā)生變化的根本原因是什么,從而引出Money Talks, 供學(xué)生思考。【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】通過一系列的活動培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)從人物的語言和動作探究人物的心理,使學(xué)生進(jìn)一步體會戲劇語言的魅力,從而對文章背后所反映的社會問題進(jìn)行思考,也為下一步的討論環(huán)節(jié)做好鋪墊。
通過寫文章梗概,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力,學(xué)習(xí)用恰當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z描述科學(xué)家的故事。這是本課的教學(xué)難點(diǎn)。教師可以使用完形填空的方式來幫助學(xué)生整理語篇,從而來降低難度。本課的教學(xué)重點(diǎn)的突破方法是:在閱讀前,讓學(xué)生初步了解得出科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)所需要的基本程序,從而輕松而自然地導(dǎo)入文章的閱讀;在閱讀過程中,由易到難設(shè)計(jì)快速閱讀和精讀的問題,層層推進(jìn)各種閱讀活動,讓學(xué)生對閱讀內(nèi)容從整體感知到細(xì)節(jié)理解,最后深層讀懂整篇文章,同時加強(qiáng)閱讀策略的指導(dǎo),讓每個學(xué)生都主動參與課堂教學(xué)活動,最終達(dá)到提高閱讀能力的目的。Step 4 Post-readingGroup Activities四人小組共同合作,在老師的適當(dāng)指導(dǎo)下,就以下2個問題展開討論,讓學(xué)生就所知、所學(xué)、所感和所想融入話題,然后抽若干同學(xué)代表作小組發(fā)言。1. What do you think about John Snow, and what should we learn from him?2. Cholera was 19th century disease, which two diseases are similar to cholera today? Why?
Good afternoon, everyone. It’s my great pleasure to be here sharing my lesson with you. The content of my lesson is Senior English for China Book5 Unit 3 Life in the Future. I’ll be ready to begin this lesson from six parts: Analysis of the teaching material, Analysis of the students, Teaching aims and important and difficult points, Teaching methods and aids, Teaching procedures, and Blackboard design. First, let me talk about the teaching material.Part 1 Analysis of the Teaching Material:This unit is about what human beings’ life will be like in about one thousand years. By studying of this unit, we’ll Enable the students to know the changes in humans’ life and some new inventions bringing about the change and develop the interest in science. This lesson plays an important part in the English teaching in this unit. This is an important lesson in Book Five. From this lesson, it starts asking the Ss to grasp contents of each passage. Therefore, this lesson is in the important position of the teaching material. If the Ss can learn it well, it will be helpful to make the Ss learn the rest of this unit.Part 2 Analysis of the SsAs Senior2 Ss, they are at different levels of English fluency, some of them have lost interest in English. So during the lesson, I arrange a variety of activities to let all of them join in to attract their interest and let them be confident and taste the joy of success.
Teaching Aims:Knowledge 1. Get the students to learn the useful new words and expressions in this section. Aims:2. Let the students learn about how the UK was formed and the four groups of invaders.1. Develop students’ reading ability and let them learn different Ability reading skills. Aims:2. Enable students to learn to talk about the United Kingdom and the Union Jack Emotional 1. Let students know more about the UK2. Develop students’ sense of cooperative learning Aims:Teaching Important Points:1. Let the students learn about the countries of the United Kingdom and the Union Jack2. Get the students to read the passage and know about how the UK was formed and the four groups of invaders.3. Have the students learn different reading skills.Teaching Difficult Ponts:1. Develop students’ reading ability.2. Enable students to talk about the United Kingdom and the Union Jack.3. Let students learn how the UK was formed geographically and historically.Teaching Methods:Showing pictures, asking, exercising, listening, reading etc.Teaching Aids:A computer,a projector and a blackboard.Teaching Procedures: 1) Show a map of the world, ask students the following questions:Where is the UK?What’s the full name of the UK?2) Ask the students work in pairs to do the quiz on Page 9.Do you want to test how many things you know about the United Kingdom? Let’s have a small test.Using the map on P9, students answer the following questions:?How many countries does the UK consist of? What are they??England is divided into three main areas. Do you know what they are? 1) Scanning (10Minutes )Let the students hold the questions asked in pre-reading and read the passagequickly and then let them do the following exercise.Join lines to the right answer.
Teaching plan for Unit 1 book3Good morning, teachers. It’s my great pleasure to be here because I can share my lesson with you and I can learn a lot from it. I’ll begin my lesson from the following four parts, the teaching material, the teaching methods, the studying methods and the teaching procedure.Firstly, let me talk about the teaching material. The content of my lesson is the reading passage festivals and celebrations of Unit 1 Festivals around the world. This passage is about festivals and celebrations. By studying this passage, we’ll enable the students to know that festivals exit everywhere, and many of festivals in different countries celebrate similar ideas. As we all know, the reading passage is the center of each unit. If the Ss can learn it well, it will be helpful to make the Ss learn the rest of this unit.After studying the teaching material, I think the teaching aims are as the followings:1. Knowledge aims:(1) The Ss can master the usage of the important words andexpressions.(2)The Ss can use the __________________ (grammar) in the proper situation.Make students know about the festivals all over the world and the detail of the festivals, such as origin, content, and the date of the holiday festivals.2. Ability aims:(1) Students can talk about festivals and celebrations in English(2) To improve the student’s reading ability, especially their skimming and scanning ability.3. Emotion aims:Make the Ss know about the foreign festivals, and respect other countries’ custom.Next, let’s come to the important points and the difficult points.The important point is how to make the Ss understand the text better and the difficult point is how can they talk about it. secondly, Teaching Methods:1. task-based Language Teaching2. Computer assisted language teaching.3. question-and–answer methodThirdly, Studying Methods:
(一)本課教材地位分析本課教材的主題是世界格局多極化趨勢的出現(xiàn),在整個單元中有承前啟后的作用,前一課是它的大背景,后一課是它的延續(xù)。本課的核心問題是兩極格局下,20世紀(jì)六七十年代世界多極化趨勢的出現(xiàn)。通過走向聯(lián)合的歐洲、迅速崛起的日本、發(fā)展中國家的星期以及中國的崛起三方面內(nèi)容,反映了世界格局多極化趨勢的出現(xiàn)。在教學(xué)中,應(yīng)注意利用學(xué)生對時事的關(guān)心與熟悉,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的探究活動,使學(xué)生對世界格局的發(fā)展變化能夠認(rèn)識準(zhǔn)確和完整把握。(二)三維目標(biāo)A.知識與能力1.通過對歐洲一體化的進(jìn)程、日本經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速崛起、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動和中國振興的基本史實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),掌握20世紀(jì)六七十年代世界多極化趨勢出現(xiàn)的史實(shí),理解其世界大背景和“多極化”的概念。2.通過西歐、日本、中國的崛起,理解經(jīng)濟(jì)決定政治,政治反作用于經(jīng)濟(jì)。
(4)評價民主通過對雅典公民享有充分的言論自由的介紹及展示伯利克里的講話、陶片放逐法,使學(xué)生認(rèn)識到,雅典的民主在統(tǒng)治階級內(nèi)部已經(jīng)達(dá)到了非常高的層次,并促進(jìn)了希臘人完整人格的形成。通過伯利克里講話、圖片、文字分別講述希臘人重責(zé)任感、渴求知識的民族性格,并請學(xué)生朗讀有關(guān)雅典人生活的有關(guān)文字,讓學(xué)生在閱讀中感情逐漸升溫,引發(fā)學(xué)生對民主的充分認(rèn)同及對雅典人重精神生活的無限神往。問題設(shè)置:讓學(xué)生思考雅典民主政治對后世西方政治制度的重大影響。同時指出“民主是不可抗拒的歷史潮流!”讓學(xué)生在原有知識的基礎(chǔ)上認(rèn)識民主政治的必然性。用書中的兩段材料分析希臘民主政治的特征和實(shí)質(zhì),分析其影響。4.課堂小結(jié)對本課內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括性的總結(jié)5.知能訓(xùn)練,運(yùn)用遷移體現(xiàn)一定的層次性,滿足不同層次學(xué)生的要求。6.布置作業(yè)撰寫歷史論文首先布置論文范圍、主題;其次進(jìn)行舉例;最后提供相關(guān)查閱資料的網(wǎng)址。
1789年法國大革命后,共和派與君主派之間進(jìn)行了長期反復(fù)的斗爭,直到1875年法蘭西第三共和國憲法通過才最終確立了共和政體,它為法國資本主義的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。專制色彩濃厚的普魯士通過王朝戰(zhàn)爭這種自上而下的形式,完成了德國的統(tǒng)一。1871年德意志帝國憲法頒布,德國君主立憲政體確立,保留了濃厚的專制殘余和軍國主義傳統(tǒng)。但資產(chǎn)階級代議制的建立使德國的資本主義工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展起來,19世紀(jì)末躋身到世界強(qiáng)國行列。資本主義政治制度擴(kuò)展到了歐洲大陸,隨著這兩個國家資本主義政治制度的確立,近代西方主要資本主義政治制度得以最終確立。四、板書一、法國共和政體確立的艱難歷程1、艱難 (1)表現(xiàn) (2)原因2、確立標(biāo)志:法蘭西第三共和國憲法
二、教學(xué)目標(biāo):(一)知識與能力:學(xué)生了解夏商周期的政治制度的內(nèi)容和特點(diǎn),對不同的政治制度有一個較為全面的認(rèn)識。在此基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)生根據(jù)所學(xué)的知識,歸納和評價從夏到周政治發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在規(guī)律。(二)過程與方法:在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中,采用小組合作討論的形式,讓學(xué)生學(xué)會與他人合作與溝通,提高自主探究的技能。(三)情感態(tài)度與價值觀:政治制度的不斷更新是古人制度創(chuàng)新的結(jié)果,而這種制度的不斷更新也推動文明的發(fā)展。這是古代先民的智慧結(jié)晶,學(xué)生要引以為豪。而通過本課的學(xué)習(xí),可以增強(qiáng)學(xué)生們的民族自豪感。三、說教科書:本課作為高中歷史教材的開篇,是認(rèn)識整個古代政治文明史的起點(diǎn),具有統(tǒng)領(lǐng)和示范作用。本課總共有三個子目,主要講述了夏商周的政治制度。主要介紹了夏朝公共權(quán)力的出現(xiàn),分封制的內(nèi)容、分封的對象、 “以嫡長子繼承制為核心的宗法制度”介紹了宗法制的來源、內(nèi)容,以及禮樂制度的大致內(nèi)容。
基本上持否定態(tài)度的:美國特拉華州的代表馬丁?路德在制憲會議上評論道:“一個向上帝要求賦予自由的民族,沒有邁出同時給予非洲人自由的第一步是不應(yīng)該的”。革命導(dǎo)師恩格斯說:“可以表明這種人權(quán)的特殊資產(chǎn)階級性質(zhì)的是美國憲法,它最先承認(rèn)了人權(quán),同時確認(rèn)了存在于美國的有色人種奴隸制”。這是一道開放性題目,選自課后“百家爭鳴”,要求學(xué)生結(jié)合以上材料和課上學(xué)習(xí)的知識進(jìn)行思考,在小組討論、代表發(fā)言的基礎(chǔ)上,教師加以引導(dǎo),并表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn),之后展示師生共同交流成果。(幻燈片)這一環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì),一方面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生通過閱讀材料獲取信息和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識分析問題的能力,使學(xué)生初步掌握評價文獻(xiàn)的基本方法,另一方面將課后作業(yè)引入課堂教學(xué),既使課程資源得以整合又減輕了學(xué)生的課下學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān),也體現(xiàn)了“用教材”而不是“教教材”。
一 減數(shù)分裂高一生物減數(shù)分裂說課稿各位評委、老師:大家好,我今天說課的題目是高中生物必修2第二章第一節(jié)〈〈減數(shù)分裂與受精作用〉〉第一部分減數(shù)分裂第一課時精子形成過程。接下來我就從以下幾個方面來說說這一節(jié)課。一、說教材1.教材地位和作用《減數(shù)分裂》這一部分內(nèi)容不僅是第二章的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,也是整本書的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。它以必修一學(xué)過的細(xì)胞學(xué)知識、染色體知識、有絲分裂知識和初中生殖種類知識為基礎(chǔ)。通過學(xué)習(xí),使學(xué)生全面認(rèn)識細(xì)胞分裂的種類、實(shí)質(zhì)和意義,為后面學(xué)習(xí)遺傳和變異,生物的進(jìn)化奠定細(xì)胞學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。2.教學(xué)目標(biāo)(1)知識目標(biāo):掌握減數(shù)分裂的概念和精子的形成過程;理解減數(shù)分裂和受精作用的意義。(2)能力目標(biāo):通過觀察減數(shù)分裂過程中染色體的行為變化,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生識圖、繪圖能力以及比較分析和歸納總結(jié)的能力。
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】Ⅰ、學(xué)習(xí)理解詩歌語言的暗示性特質(zhì)。Ⅱ、根據(jù)詩歌語言的特質(zhì),進(jìn)行遷移,領(lǐng)略詩歌的精妙之處,給同學(xué)如何鑒賞詩歌提供實(shí)感。㈠、導(dǎo)入:各位同學(xué),有個成語叫"一字千金"。對我而言,第一次領(lǐng)略到一個字的分量,是在小學(xué)三年級的時候,一次作文評析課上。當(dāng)時我對自己的文章充滿了期待,希望能得到老師的贊賞。記得老師進(jìn)來后的第一句話是"有一篇文章,我就沖它用了一個字,我給它打95分。打這樣的高分,對我來說,是極為難得的。"同學(xué)都充滿了好奇,老師接著說"這個字就是一個'悟'字。我們的同學(xué)都說我學(xué)到了,我明白了,我懂得了一個道理,而這位同學(xué)卻用了一個'悟'字,難能可貴。"這篇文章不是我的,在羨慕的同時,一個字在文章中的分量就深深的刻在了我的心上。文學(xué)作品中,一個字精妙與否,足以決定作品是流光溢彩,還是黯然失色。尤其是我們的古典詩詞,用簡短的幾個字,造就的卻是豐富的情感與博大的意境。讀后滿口余香,卻是妙處難與君說。這跟詩歌的語言是密不可分的。今天,我們就通過《說"木葉"》一文,對中國古典詩詞語言特質(zhì)作一番探幽。
在這段教學(xué)中可以插入世界主要鐵礦、煤礦,以及我國主要的礦產(chǎn)基地、鋼鐵生產(chǎn)基地的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,不失為區(qū)域地理知識的很好補(bǔ)充和鞏固。那么從現(xiàn)狀來看我國的鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)基地多數(shù)污染較為嚴(yán)重,可見工業(yè)區(qū)位的選擇同樣要顧及到環(huán)境的因素,由此引入下一部分的內(nèi)容。除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的工業(yè)區(qū)位因素外,環(huán)境、政策以及決策者的理念和心理等日益受到人們的關(guān)注。在這段文字的處理上,只需進(jìn)行概念、道理上的陳述即可,重點(diǎn)要放在污染工業(yè)在城市中的布局這一知識點(diǎn)上。首先要了解什么工業(yè)會造成怎樣的污染,然后根據(jù)污染的類別分別講解不同的應(yīng)對方略,最后將配以適當(dāng)?shù)睦}以期提高學(xué)生的整體把握程度和綜合運(yùn)用能力。最后將對本節(jié)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行小結(jié),要在小結(jié)中闡述清楚本節(jié)課的兩大內(nèi)容:即工業(yè)的區(qū)位因素和工業(yè)區(qū)位的選擇。然后點(diǎn)明本節(jié)課的主要知識點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)。在時間允許的情況下可以適當(dāng)安排幾道有關(guān)主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城市工業(yè)布局的例題加以練習(xí)。
(1)該校被抽查的學(xué)生共有多少名?(2)現(xiàn)規(guī)定視力5.1及以上為合格,若被抽查年級共有600名學(xué)生,估計(jì)該年級在2015年有多少名學(xué)生視力合格.解析:由折線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖可知2015年被抽取的學(xué)生人數(shù),且扇形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖中對應(yīng)的A區(qū)所占的百分比已知,由此即可求出被抽查的學(xué)生人數(shù);根據(jù)扇形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖中C、D區(qū)所占的百分比,即可求出該年級在2015年有多少名學(xué)生視力合格.解:(1)該校被抽查的學(xué)生人數(shù)為80÷40%=200(人);(2)估計(jì)該年級在2015年視力合格的學(xué)生人數(shù)為600×(10%+20%)=180(人).方法總結(jié):本題的解題技巧在于從兩個統(tǒng)計(jì)圖中獲取正確的信息,并互相補(bǔ)充互相利用.例如求被抽查的學(xué)生人數(shù)時,由折線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖可知2015年被抽取的學(xué)生人數(shù)是80人,與其相對應(yīng)的是扇形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖中的A區(qū),而A區(qū)所占的百分比是40%,由此求出被抽查的學(xué)生人數(shù)為80÷40%=200(人).
從《詩經(jīng)》的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義到屈原的浪漫主義,是中國詩歌發(fā)展的一個里程碑。屈原的騷體詩,依詩取興,引類譬喻,繼承發(fā)展了《詩經(jīng)》的比興傳統(tǒng)?!对娊?jīng)》的比興較為單純,而《楚辭》的比興具有象征的特質(zhì),往往成為一個形象的系統(tǒng)。《離騷》中香草美人的比興就是范例。楚地本是澤鄉(xiāng)山國,其間頗有疊波曠宇、崇山秀嶺,這些江山的光怪之氣足以搖蕩心靈、催發(fā)麗辭偉句。但騷體詩已沖破《詩經(jīng)》四言詩的固定格式,句式加長而靈活,篇章放大而嚴(yán)密,詩采絢麗而貼切,是《詩經(jīng)》之后的一次詩體大解放。有人說,中國歷代詩“莫不同祖風(fēng)騷”,足見其對后代詩歌的影響。先秦時代,《詩經(jīng)》與《楚辭》雙峰并峙,是中國詩史上現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與浪漫主義的兩座巍然屹立的坐標(biāo)。
1.本文由“不得極夫游之樂”生發(fā)出“盡吾志”的觀點(diǎn),又由“仆碑”生發(fā)出“深思慎取”的觀點(diǎn),這兩個觀點(diǎn)彼此有聯(lián)系嗎?作者游褒禪山,本來是一次平常的游歷活動,但卻從中悟出了人生哲理──從前洞后洞游人的多少悟出“夷以近,則游者眾;險(xiǎn)以遠(yuǎn),則至者少”,從“入之愈深,其進(jìn)愈難,而其見愈奇”悟出“而世之奇?zhèn)ァ⒐骞?、非常之觀,常在于險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)”;由此再引申一步,就得出了“非有志者不能至”的結(jié)論。然后將這次游山而未能“極夫游之樂”的教訓(xùn)升華到理論上來,具體分析了“至”的幾個條件,最后得出“盡吾志”的觀點(diǎn)──這正是“求思之深而無不在”的結(jié)果。由此可見,“盡吾志”的觀點(diǎn)跟“深思慎取”的觀點(diǎn)是有聯(lián)系的:“盡吾志”的觀點(diǎn)是在“深思慎取”的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的;有了這個觀點(diǎn),又能反過來促使人們“深思慎取”,二者是相輔相成的。