二、教學(xué)目標(biāo):(一)知識與能力:學(xué)生了解夏商周期的政治制度的內(nèi)容和特點(diǎn),對不同的政治制度有一個(gè)較為全面的認(rèn)識。在此基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)生根據(jù)所學(xué)的知識,歸納和評價(jià)從夏到周政治發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在規(guī)律。(二)過程與方法:在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中,采用小組合作討論的形式,讓學(xué)生學(xué)會與他人合作與溝通,提高自主探究的技能。(三)情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀:政治制度的不斷更新是古人制度創(chuàng)新的結(jié)果,而這種制度的不斷更新也推動文明的發(fā)展。這是古代先民的智慧結(jié)晶,學(xué)生要引以為豪。而通過本課的學(xué)習(xí),可以增強(qiáng)學(xué)生們的民族自豪感。三、說教科書:本課作為高中歷史教材的開篇,是認(rèn)識整個(gè)古代政治文明史的起點(diǎn),具有統(tǒng)領(lǐng)和示范作用。本課總共有三個(gè)子目,主要講述了夏商周的政治制度。主要介紹了夏朝公共權(quán)力的出現(xiàn),分封制的內(nèi)容、分封的對象、 “以嫡長子繼承制為核心的宗法制度”介紹了宗法制的來源、內(nèi)容,以及禮樂制度的大致內(nèi)容。
① 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)將學(xué)生分組,利用桌上的器材進(jìn)行探究(幻燈片展示)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)難度較大,為了降低難度,為實(shí)驗(yàn)探究鋪下第二臺階,要求學(xué)生先分小組討論以下問題(幻燈片展示)有些學(xué)生可能不知如何下手,我會要求學(xué)生先閱讀課本中的實(shí)驗(yàn)描述從中得到一點(diǎn)提示,再讓一兩個(gè)小組同學(xué)回答,這樣既體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主體性又可提高學(xué)生自主思考和語言表達(dá)能力,之后我再進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充完善(幻燈片展示答案),并用幻燈片把實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟展示出來,在學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)過程一直保留,使學(xué)生能朝正確的方向進(jìn)行猜想和操作,為實(shí)驗(yàn)探究鋪下第三個(gè)臺階。② 實(shí)施探究在學(xué)生分組進(jìn)行探究過程,教師巡視解惑,隨時(shí)觀察學(xué)生情況,解答學(xué)生提出的問題,還可用自言自語方式提示應(yīng)注意的一些問題,如儀器的正確使用,操作的規(guī)范等,幫助學(xué)生盡量在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)順利完成實(shí)驗(yàn)。
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative動詞-ing形式作表語,它通常位于系動詞后面,用以說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”一種表示主語的特質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài), 其作用相當(dāng)于形容詞; 另一種具體說明主語的內(nèi)容, 即主語等同于表語, 兩者可互換。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他們演奏的音樂聽起來令人激動。The result is disappointing. 結(jié)果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我們的工作就是演奏各種音樂。Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …h(huán)orse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
(3)改造主觀世界同改造客觀世界的關(guān)系。改造客觀世界同改造主觀世界,是相互聯(lián)系、相互作用的。改造主觀世界是為了更好地改造客觀世界,人們在改造客觀世界的同時(shí)也改造著自己的主觀世界。通過自覺改造主觀世界,又能提高改造客觀世界的能力。師:人們對自己的思想道德境界的追求,是永遠(yuǎn)止境的。讓我們共同努力,在踐行社會主義思想道德的過程中,不斷追求更高的目標(biāo),像無數(shù)先輩那樣,加入到為共產(chǎn)主義遠(yuǎn)大理想而奮斗的行列中吧!課堂小結(jié)通過本節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)使我們認(rèn)識到面對現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的思想道德沖突,加強(qiáng)知識文化修養(yǎng)和思想道德修養(yǎng),不斷追求更高的思想道德目標(biāo)的必要性;把握了知識文化修養(yǎng)與思想道德修養(yǎng)的含義及其相互關(guān)系;明確了我們應(yīng)該和怎樣追求更高的思想道德目標(biāo);認(rèn)識到這是一個(gè)永無止境的過程。我們要腳踏實(shí)地,從現(xiàn)在做起、從點(diǎn)滴小事做起,不斷提高知識文化修養(yǎng)和思想道德修養(yǎng),追求更高的思想道德目標(biāo)。
(一)地位《生活中的圓周運(yùn)動》這節(jié)課是新課標(biāo)人教版《物理》必修第二冊第5章《曲線運(yùn)動》一章中的第7節(jié),也是該章最后一節(jié)。本節(jié)課是在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了圓周運(yùn)動、向心加速度、向心力以后的一節(jié)應(yīng)用課,通過研究圓周運(yùn)動規(guī)律在生活中的具體應(yīng)用,使學(xué)生深入理解圓周運(yùn)動規(guī)律,并且結(jié)合日常生活中的某些生活體驗(yàn),加深物理知識在頭腦中的印象。(二)教材處理教材中的“火車轉(zhuǎn)彎”與“汽車過拱橋”根據(jù)學(xué)生接受的難易程度,順序作了對調(diào),并把最后一部分“離心運(yùn)動”放到下一節(jié)課處理。(三)教學(xué)目標(biāo)1.知識與技能目標(biāo)(1)進(jìn)一步加深對向心力的認(rèn)識,會在實(shí)際問題中分析向心力的來源。(2)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立觀察、分析問題、解決問題的能力,提高學(xué)生概括總結(jié)知識的能力。(3)了解航天器中的失重現(xiàn)象。2.過程與方法目標(biāo)(1)學(xué)會分析圓周運(yùn)動方法,會分析拱形橋、彎道等實(shí)際的例子,培養(yǎng)理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力。
(一)、教材地位:我說課的內(nèi)容是人教版高二歷史(必修3)第五單元《從“師夷長技”到維新變法》。本課主要講述了鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后中國思想界發(fā)生的巨大變化,所講述內(nèi)容對中國近百年的歷史走向,對近代中國政治發(fā)展所產(chǎn)生的影響是至關(guān)重要的,所以這節(jié)課在教材中具有重要的地位和作用,同時(shí)也是本冊書中的重要章節(jié)。(二)、課標(biāo)要求:《高中歷史新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對這一節(jié)內(nèi)容作了這樣的要求:了解鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后中國人學(xué)習(xí)西方 尋求變革的思想歷程,理解維新變法思想在近代中國社會發(fā)展中所起的作用。(三)、教學(xué)目標(biāo):根據(jù)課標(biāo)要求、教材內(nèi)容和學(xué)生的具體情況,確立以下教學(xué)目標(biāo):1、知識與能力:(1)識記:林則徐被稱為“開演看世界的第一人”;魏源的“師夷長技以制夷”思想;洋務(wù)派“師夷長技以自強(qiáng)”思想;早期維新思想和90年代維新思想;
過度:誠如牛頓所說 我之所以能夠取得今天的成就有很大原因是站在巨人的肩膀之上設(shè)問3:為什么這個(gè)時(shí)代選擇了達(dá)爾文來完成這一偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)呢?(達(dá)爾文的個(gè)人努力)補(bǔ)充材料:(1831年起,他隨“貝格爾號”考察艦進(jìn)行環(huán)球考察5年??疾旖Y(jié)束后,在整理考察資料和實(shí)物標(biāo)本的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過長期的研究,于1859年出版了《物種起源》一書,確立了生物的進(jìn)化論說明達(dá)爾文的個(gè)人努力:學(xué)習(xí)、考察、學(xué)習(xí)、不迷信權(quán)威、勇于挑戰(zhàn)、不斷探索的精神,飽覽群書,挑戰(zhàn)和假設(shè)建立在大量的閱讀和觀察的基礎(chǔ)上,科學(xué)實(shí)證等等。可以說達(dá)爾文身上有那個(gè)時(shí)代的一個(gè)濃縮的特征,當(dāng)然他還有點(diǎn)運(yùn)氣,不過,機(jī)遇永遠(yuǎn)是為那些有準(zhǔn)備的人提供的。)探究:達(dá)爾文“進(jìn)化論”的影響思路引領(lǐng):科學(xué)理論發(fā)展的影響可以從哪些方面分析?(經(jīng)濟(jì)、科學(xué)理論本身、人文學(xué)科、社會影響(對宗教,社會),對其他國家的影響)設(shè)問:達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論對1859年及以后的社會帶來了非常深遠(yuǎn)的影響。有哪些影響呢?①挑戰(zhàn)封建神學(xué)的神創(chuàng)世,促進(jìn)人類認(rèn)識的飛躍
我們知道事物之間的矛盾會發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化。但是,由于老子看不到轉(zhuǎn)化的條件,更看不到人的主觀能動性,因此他對人類社會的發(fā)展抱著消極悲觀的態(tài)度,幻想回到“雞犬之聲相聞,老死不相往來”的“小國寡民”的社會。他的思想,通過《老子》一書留傳了下來。后來的莊子繼承了老子的思想,把“道”作為世界最高的原則,我們可以來看發(fā)生在莊子身上的一個(gè)故事:莊子在妻子死后,居然鼓盆而歌,朋友惠施去探望時(shí)責(zé)備他,他講出一番道理:“當(dāng)我妻子剛死的時(shí)候,我怎么會不難過?可是我省思之后,覺察到她不但沒有生命,而且沒有形體;不但沒有形體,也沒有氣,然后在恍恍惚惚的情況下,變出了氣,氣再變化而出現(xiàn)形體,形體再變化而出現(xiàn)生命,現(xiàn)在又變化而回到死亡,這就好像春夏秋冬四季的運(yùn)行一樣。這個(gè)人已經(jīng)安靜地睡在天地的大屋里,而我還跟在一旁哭哭啼啼。我以為這樣是不明白生命的道理,所以才停止哭泣啊!”
師:很好!我們知道,元明清時(shí)期,我國封建社會進(jìn)入衰落時(shí)期,封建專制不斷加強(qiáng),對文人的思想控制也在不斷加強(qiáng),士大夫文人只有通過畫來表達(dá)自己的想法和內(nèi)心世界,所以這時(shí)候的畫強(qiáng)調(diào)借物抒情。大家可以再看到這幅清朝鄭板橋《墨竹圖》,竹子非常清新俊逸,抒發(fā)了一個(gè)清高的文人情懷。大家可以仔細(xì)品味,鄭板橋的竹子有種脫俗的感覺,看后讓人非常靜心。同學(xué)們,在欣賞國畫的時(shí)候,我們不是一味地去看它像不像,而要更多去體會他的精神與氣質(zhì),沒有思想與內(nèi)涵的人是畫不出一副好畫的,就算他畫技再好,他的也是沒有靈魂的。中國的水墨畫,雖然沒有涂顏料,它卻會使你感受到春天的綠,秋天的黃和冬天的白,我們可以在畫中找尋到自己精神的共鳴。好,剛剛講了這么多,現(xiàn)在請一位同學(xué)看到這表格來歸納一下每個(gè)時(shí)期國畫的不同特點(diǎn)。
2、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的功用:(1)功用:提供文件傳輸、電子信箱、聊天等服務(wù),在社會各個(gè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了巨大的作用,標(biāo)志著信息化社會的出現(xiàn)。(2)特點(diǎn):網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體作為一種新的傳播媒體,具有界面直觀、音色兼?zhèn)洹㈡溄屿`活和高速傳輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)。3、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的影響:教師提問,學(xué)生思考回答,教師總結(jié) (1)信息經(jīng)濟(jì)在世界各地全面發(fā)展,加快了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的步伐;(2)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)也借助互聯(lián)網(wǎng)提高管理水平,并通過全球營銷和采購擴(kuò)大市場;(3)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代,人們可以在家里完成很多工作,提高了工作效率,增加了樂趣;(4)人們的社會交往方式也發(fā)生著改變。(5)也帶來一些負(fù)面影響?!竞献魈骄俊?:青少年如何對待網(wǎng)絡(luò):互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在給社會帶來巨大效能的同時(shí),也帶來了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。青少年應(yīng)該提高自身的道德素養(yǎng),樹立正確的網(wǎng)絡(luò)觀,讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的作用。
這是略帶提高性的問題,旨在提高學(xué)生認(rèn)識歷史的能力,搞清這一歷史問題有助于理解中西歷史發(fā)展的不同。(學(xué)生討論,教師總結(jié)歸納并展示。)不是資產(chǎn)階級民主思想,因?yàn)樗鼈兪琴Y本主義萌芽的產(chǎn)物,資產(chǎn)階級作為一個(gè)階級還沒有產(chǎn)生。中國民主思想只停留在批判的層次上,并沒有提出新的思想,更沒有認(rèn)識到人的基本權(quán)利。它沒有成為主流思想,因此沒有促進(jìn)明清社會的轉(zhuǎn)型,尚未突破封建思想的束縛。而啟蒙思想集中力量批判專制主義、教權(quán)主義,描繪了未來資本主義社會的宏偉藍(lán)圖,開成了強(qiáng)大的社會思潮,推動了社會向資本主義社會的轉(zhuǎn)變。原因:(1)明清之際的資本主義萌芽較為脆弱,使早期民主思想的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展缺乏強(qiáng)有力的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。(2)中國傳統(tǒng)文化的束縛和影響。(3)高度強(qiáng)化的專制中央集權(quán)制度的壓制使早期民主思想未能形成完整的體系。
二、相對論的創(chuàng)立【課件】展示下列材料艾伯特·愛因斯坦(1879——1955),1879年3月14日誕生在德國烏爾姆的一個(gè)猶太人家中。1894年舉家遷居意大利米蘭。1900年畢業(yè)于瑞士蘇黎世工業(yè)大學(xué)。愛因斯坦被認(rèn)為是最富于創(chuàng)造力的科學(xué)家,他不但創(chuàng)立了相對論,還提出了光量子的概念,得出了光電效應(yīng)的基本定律,并揭示了光的波粒二重性本質(zhì),為量子力學(xué)的建立奠定基礎(chǔ)。為此榮獲1921年度的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。同時(shí),他還證明了熱的分子運(yùn)動論,提出了測定分子大小的新方法?!締栴}】19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初愛因斯坦對物理學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)是什么?意義是什么?為什么會出現(xiàn)?1、背景:經(jīng)典物理學(xué)的危機(jī)。19世紀(jì)末三大發(fā)現(xiàn):x射線、放射性和電子,經(jīng)典力學(xué)無法解釋研究中的新問題,如:黑體輻射、光電效應(yīng)等。2、相對論的提出及主要內(nèi)容:(1)“狹義相對論”和光速不變原理:1905年提出。
一、教材地位《音樂與影視藝術(shù)》是人教版高中歷史必修(III)第八專題中的第三節(jié)內(nèi)容。音樂、影視藝術(shù)屬于意識形態(tài)范疇,是當(dāng)時(shí)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)的反映,是社會進(jìn)步的產(chǎn)物。19世紀(jì)以來的音樂與影視藝術(shù)糅合了近代科學(xué)技術(shù)的元素,直接引領(lǐng)著文明發(fā)展趨勢和社會風(fēng)尚,滿足人們不同層次的審美需要和精神追求。音樂、影視藝術(shù)在人類日常生活中無處不在,已經(jīng)成為人們?nèi)粘I钪械闹匾M成部分,所以具有重要地位。本課分三個(gè)部分介紹了19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)音樂的發(fā)展與變化以及影視藝術(shù)的產(chǎn)生發(fā)展。下面我就談?wù)剬@節(jié)課的教學(xué)思路。二、教材分析1、課標(biāo)要求課標(biāo)的要求是:列舉19世紀(jì)以來有代表性的音樂作品,理解這些音樂作品的時(shí)代性和民族性。了解影視藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展的歷程,認(rèn)識其對社會生活的影響。2、教學(xué)目標(biāo)根據(jù)新課標(biāo)、教材內(nèi)容、學(xué)生實(shí)際,確定教學(xué)目標(biāo)如下:(1)知識與能力:①列舉19世紀(jì)以來有代表性的音樂作品,理解這些音樂作品的時(shí)代性和民族性。
(3)內(nèi)陸和中西部城鎮(zhèn)主要以煤和火電為主;廣大農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)大多正從使用農(nóng)作物秸稈等生物能源。(4)人均能源資源不足。我國是世界第三大能源生產(chǎn)國和第二大能源消費(fèi)國,而我國能源短缺,特別是油氣資源短缺已成為制約我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要因素。相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)——煤炭、石油和天然氣的人均資源占有量只有95t,世界平均值為209t,約是世界人均值的1/2;我國人均石油可采儲量3t,世界平均值為28t,約為世界平均值的1/10。我國人均能源消費(fèi)量不足1.2噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤,居世界89位,不足世界人均能源消費(fèi)水平的一半,僅占發(fā)達(dá)國家的1/5~1/10。其中人均消費(fèi)650kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤,是世界平均額的95%;人均消費(fèi)石油相當(dāng)145kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤,為世界平均數(shù)的16.8%;人均消費(fèi)天然氣相當(dāng)17.7kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤,為世界平均數(shù)的3.9%;人均消費(fèi)電力501.5kWh,為世界平均水平的25%。(5)是能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,突出存在著一低兩高:即電能消費(fèi)比例低,非商品生物能源消費(fèi)量高,一次性商品能源消費(fèi)中原煤消費(fèi)比重高。原煤消費(fèi)達(dá)到75%,遠(yuǎn)高于26.2%的世界平均水平。
設(shè)疑自探:一個(gè)壓縮或拉伸的彈簧就是一個(gè)“儲能器”,怎樣衡量形變彈簧蘊(yùn)含能量的多少呢?彈簧的彈性勢能的表達(dá)式可能與那幾個(gè)物理量有關(guān)?類比:物體的重力勢能與物體所受的重力和高度有關(guān)。那么彈簧的彈性勢能可能與所受彈力的大小和在彈力方向上的位置變化有關(guān),而由F=kl知彈簧所受彈力等于彈簧的勁度系數(shù)與形變量的乘積。預(yù)測:彈簧的彈性勢能與彈簧的勁度系數(shù)和形變量有關(guān)。學(xué)生討論如何設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn): ①、用同一根彈簧在幾次被壓縮量不同時(shí)釋放(勁度系數(shù)相同,改變形變量),觀察小車被彈開的情況。②、分別用兩根彈簧在被壓縮量相同時(shí)釋放(形變量相同,勁度系數(shù)不同),觀察小車被彈開的情況。交流探究結(jié)果:彈性勢能隨彈簧形變量增大而增大。隨彈簧的勁度系數(shù)的增大而增大。
2、教學(xué)目標(biāo)根據(jù)我對教材的理解、結(jié)合學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況、滲透新課程的教學(xué)理念,為提高全體學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng),按課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以促進(jìn)全體學(xué)生發(fā)展為目的。從知識與技能、過程與方法,情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀三個(gè)方向培養(yǎng)學(xué)生,擬定三個(gè)教學(xué)目標(biāo):知識與技能:(1)知道什么是動能。(2)正確理解和運(yùn)用動能公式分析、解答有關(guān)問題。(3)掌握外力對物體所做的總功的計(jì)算,理解“代數(shù)和”的含義。(4)理解和運(yùn)用動能定理。過程與方法:通過演繹推理過程,培養(yǎng)科學(xué)研究興趣,領(lǐng)略物理學(xué)中所蘊(yùn)含的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嬯P(guān)系。情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀:通過運(yùn)用動能定理分析解決問題,感受成功的喜悅,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對科學(xué)研究的興趣。3、教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)重點(diǎn):理解動能定理、應(yīng)用動能定理解決力學(xué)問題。難點(diǎn):應(yīng)用動能定理解決多個(gè)過程的力學(xué)問題,以及變力做功或曲線運(yùn)動中的動能定理運(yùn)用。