(4)Now we have heard a number of outstanding speeches ... 我們已經(jīng)聆聽(tīng)了許多精彩的發(fā)言……(5)Because we wanted the nations of the world, working together, to deal with ... 因?yàn)槲覀兿M澜绺鲊?guó)團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)去應(yīng)對(duì)……(6)And if we do not act ... 如果我們不采取行動(dòng)……(7)Now, I share the concerns that have been expressed ... 我也同意對(duì)于……表達(dá)的擔(dān)心(8)Let us show the world that by working together we can ... 讓我們告訴全世界,通過(guò)一起努力我們可以……(9)It is now time for us to ... 是時(shí)候我們……(10)And I have always wished that ... 我一直希望……(11)Thank you for letting me share this day with me.感謝你們和我共度這一天。實(shí)踐演練:假如你是高中生李華,你校將舉辦一次以“音樂(lè)”為主題的演講比賽,請(qǐng)你按照主題,寫(xiě)下你的演講稿。注意:詞數(shù)100左右。First of all, thank you for listening to my speech. My topic is: love music like love yourself.Music is like the air we need to maintain our normal lives around us. You can't imagine how terrible a world without music would be. Movies and TV shows have no music, only dry conversations and scenes; mobile phones only vibrations; streets only noisy crowds; cafes, western restaurants only depressed meals. What a terrible world it is!As a student, I hope we all can enjoy the fun brought by music in our spare time. Instead of just listening to music, we can even make our own music. Let's enjoy the fun of music!Thanks again for your attention!
1.改善城市環(huán)境:治理河流、控制大氣污染物、大力加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè)為改善城市環(huán)境,上海市全面展開(kāi)對(duì)大氣、河流、噪聲等多方面的治理工作。如蘇州河的治理、降低城市污染物濃度、加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè),截止1990年,市區(qū)綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到20.3%。2.改善城市交通、改善居住條件擴(kuò)寬主干道,修建環(huán)城公路,修筑了南浦大橋和揚(yáng)浦大橋,新修城市高架公路和地鐵,改造住宅。3.控制城市規(guī)模建立衛(wèi)星城,開(kāi)發(fā)新區(qū),有效地控制城市中心區(qū)的規(guī)模。思考:什么時(shí)候許多國(guó)家采取措施保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?你認(rèn)為可以采取哪些措施來(lái)保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?上海市保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境的措施:上海的衛(wèi)星城有哪些?上海新建了哪個(gè)新區(qū)?目前浦東新區(qū)在上海的地位如何?建立衛(wèi)星城和開(kāi)發(fā)新區(qū)可以起到什么作用?上海市為改善交通條件,做了哪些工作?
過(guò)渡:在實(shí)際生活中,城市內(nèi)部空間結(jié)構(gòu)并非完全按照這一經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律呈現(xiàn),而是更具復(fù)雜性。這說(shuō)明除了經(jīng)濟(jì)因素外,還有很多其他因素在起作用,請(qǐng)大家結(jié)合你的認(rèn)識(shí)、圖2.9和案例1:紐約市的少數(shù)民族區(qū)談?wù)勀愕目捶?。?)其他因素I收入——形成不同級(jí)別住宅區(qū)的常見(jiàn)原因。有能力支付昂貴租金和選擇最佳居住環(huán)境的人,其居住地往往形成高級(jí)住宅區(qū)。II知名度——城市內(nèi)某些地區(qū)在歷史、文化或經(jīng)濟(jì)方面具有很高的聲譽(yù),這往往會(huì)吸引更多新的住宅或商場(chǎng)建在該處,以提高其知名度。III種族聚居區(qū)的形成——在有些城市的某一區(qū)域內(nèi),如果某個(gè)種族或宗教團(tuán)體占優(yōu)勢(shì),就可能形成種族聚居區(qū)。如紐約市的唐人街、哈林區(qū)、小意大利區(qū)等。IV歷史因素——城市的建筑物和街道設(shè)計(jì)可以維持久遠(yuǎn),早期的土地利用方式對(duì)日后的功能分區(qū)有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
一般情況下,凡是支持物對(duì)物體的支持力,都是支持物因發(fā)生形變而對(duì)物體產(chǎn)生彈力。所以支持力的方向總是垂直于支持面而指向被支持的物體。例1:放在水平桌面上的書(shū)書(shū)由于重力的作用而壓迫桌面,使書(shū)和桌面同時(shí)發(fā)生微小形變,要恢復(fù)原狀,對(duì)桌面產(chǎn)生垂直于桌面向下的彈力f1,這就是書(shū)對(duì)桌面的壓力;桌面由于發(fā)生微小的形變,對(duì)書(shū)產(chǎn)生垂直于書(shū)面向上的彈力f2,這就是桌面對(duì)書(shū)的支持力。學(xué)生分析:靜止地放在傾斜木板上的書(shū),書(shū)對(duì)木板的壓力和木板對(duì)書(shū)的支持力。并畫(huà)出力的示意圖。結(jié)論:壓力、支持力都是彈力。壓力的方向總是垂直于支持面而指向被壓的物體,支持力的方向總是垂直于支持面而指向被支持的物體。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析靜止時(shí),懸繩對(duì)重物的拉力及方向。引導(dǎo)得出:懸掛物由于重力的作用而拉緊懸繩,使重物、懸繩同時(shí)發(fā)生微小的形變。重物由于發(fā)生微小的形變,對(duì)懸繩產(chǎn)生豎直向下的彈力f1,這是物對(duì)繩的拉力;懸繩由于發(fā)生微小形變,對(duì)物產(chǎn)生豎直向上的彈力f2,這就是繩對(duì)物體的拉力。
教學(xué)過(guò)程:一、交流誦讀課文技巧?!?jié)奏、韻腳、感情……(5分鐘)二、再讀確定自己的學(xué)習(xí)主題(15分)1、主題提示:音樂(lè)美、繪畫(huà)美、建筑美簡(jiǎn)介詩(shī)歌“三美”追求聞一多先生是我國(guó)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上集詩(shī)人、學(xué)者和斗士于一身的重要詩(shī)人。他不但致力于新詩(shī)藝術(shù)美的探索,提出了音樂(lè)美、繪畫(huà)美、建筑美的詩(shī)歌\"三美\"的新格律詩(shī)理論主張,還努力進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐,寫(xiě)出了許多精美詩(shī)篇。他的新格律詩(shī)理論被后人稱為現(xiàn)代詩(shī)學(xué)的奠基石,影響深遠(yuǎn)?!对?shī)的格律》是聞一多先生系列詩(shī)論中最重要的一篇。在這篇論文中,他系統(tǒng)的提出\"詩(shī)的實(shí)力不獨(dú)包括音樂(lè)的美(音節(jié))、繪畫(huà)的美(詞藻),并且還有建筑的美(節(jié)的勻稱和句的均齊)。\"這一關(guān)于新詩(shī)\"三美\"主張遂成為新格律詩(shī)派的理論綱領(lǐng)。
請(qǐng)問(wèn),作者究竟聽(tīng)到歌聲沒(méi)有?”學(xué)生回答:“沒(méi)有?!薄斑@里是比喻,因?yàn)檫@里用得是‘仿佛’一詞……”對(duì),是比喻。也就是說(shuō),作者是用歌聲來(lái)比喻荷香,是吧?“但是,“荷香與歌聲有什么可比的共同點(diǎn)嗎?”“荷香與歌聲都是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)、若有若無(wú)的。”“而且朦朦朧朧的。”“對(duì)?!昂上愫透杪暥际恰|縷’的、‘渺?!摹_@是比喻。這是一種特殊的比喻,錢鐘書(shū)先生把它叫做‘通感’。人們通過(guò)視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)等五官感知外界事物時(shí),在一般情況下,彼此不能交錯(cuò);但在特殊情況下,五官功能卻能出現(xiàn)互相轉(zhuǎn)化、彼此溝通的現(xiàn)象叫“通感”,也叫“移覺(jué)”。舉幾個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明:詩(shī)人艾青曾寫(xiě)詩(shī)這樣描繪日本著名指揮家小澤征爾:‘你的耳朵在偵察,你的眼睛在傾聽(tīng)……’這也是通感。又如:“那笛聲里有故鄉(xiāng)綠色平原上青草的香味,有四月的龍眼花的香味,有太陽(yáng)的光明?!保üL(fēng)《葉笛》)
五.研習(xí)第一段:1.誦讀指導(dǎo)要處理好句中停頓2.請(qǐng)學(xué)生對(duì)照注釋翻譯本段重點(diǎn)詞句:學(xué)不可以已已:停止。青,取之于藍(lán)而青于藍(lán)于:從;比。木直中繩中:zhàng符合,合于。雖有槁暴,不復(fù)挺者,揉使之然也有通又,揉通煣,以火烘木,使其彎曲。然:這樣。翻譯:故木受繩則直,金就礪則利,君子博學(xué)而日參省乎己,則知明而行無(wú)過(guò)矣。所以木材經(jīng)墨線畫(huà)過(guò)(再用斧鋸加工)就直了,金屬刀劍拿到磨刀石上(磨過(guò))就鋒利了,君子廣博地學(xué)習(xí)并且每天對(duì)自己檢驗(yàn)反省,就能智慧明達(dá),行為沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)了。3.本段是從哪個(gè)角度論述中心論點(diǎn)的?明確:本段是從學(xué)習(xí)的意義這個(gè)角度論述中心論點(diǎn)的。荀子認(rèn)為人的知識(shí)、道德、才能都不是天生成的,而是后天不斷學(xué)習(xí)獲得的,學(xué)習(xí)的意義十分重大,所以學(xué)習(xí)不能停止。4.本段中幾個(gè)比喻句是為了說(shuō)明什么道理?學(xué)生討論發(fā)言,教師明確:
【明確】“一夫當(dāng)關(guān),萬(wàn)夫莫開(kāi)”言劍閣有易守難攻的險(xiǎn)要形勢(shì),暗示中央朝廷的部隊(duì)很不容易打進(jìn)來(lái),因而野心家可以據(jù)險(xiǎn)發(fā)動(dòng)叛亂,“化為狼與豺”,搞地方割據(jù)。如果割據(jù)勢(shì)力之間出現(xiàn)矛盾沖突,難免要發(fā)生混戰(zhàn),結(jié)果必定是“殺人如麻”。詩(shī)人這番預(yù)言在十多年后就得到了證實(shí):從上元二年到大歷初即有段子璋、徐知道、崔旰等人相繼發(fā)動(dòng)叛亂。詩(shī)人的意圖是要嚴(yán)防野心家發(fā)難。詩(shī)人從劍閣的險(xiǎn)要引出對(duì)政治形勢(shì)的描寫(xiě)。他化用西晉張載《劍閣銘》中形勝之地,匪親勿居的語(yǔ)句,目的在于勸人引以為鑒戒,警惕戰(zhàn)亂的發(fā)生,并聯(lián)系當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)背景,揭露了蜀中豺狼的磨牙吮血,殺人如麻,這既是描寫(xiě)蜀道猛獸,又是影射政治黑暗的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)句,表達(dá)了對(duì)國(guó)事的憂慮與關(guān)切,為詩(shī)篇增加了現(xiàn)實(shí)的內(nèi)涵、深厚的意蘊(yùn)。唐天寶初年,太平景象背后正潛伏著危機(jī),后來(lái)發(fā)生的安史之亂,證明詩(shī)人的憂慮是有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的。
3、文化是人們的一種素養(yǎng)(1)人的文化素養(yǎng)是在社會(huì)生活、實(shí)踐中形成的。每個(gè)人所具有的文化素養(yǎng),不是天生的,而是通過(guò)對(duì)社會(huì)生活的體驗(yàn),特別是通過(guò)參與文化生活、接受知識(shí)文化教育而逐步培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的。文化素養(yǎng)的形成,離不開(kāi)生活、實(shí)踐和教育。人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)實(shí)踐中創(chuàng)造和發(fā)展文化,也在社會(huì)生活中獲得和享用文化。(2)人的文化素養(yǎng)表現(xiàn)在日常言行中。教師活動(dòng):引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀教材7頁(yè)“公交車漫畫(huà)”材料,并思考所反映的問(wèn)題學(xué)生活動(dòng):積極思考并討論問(wèn)題教師點(diǎn)評(píng):人們的精神活動(dòng)離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)活動(dòng),人們的文化素養(yǎng)總是要通過(guò)他在日常生活中的言行、在社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中的表現(xiàn)等表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。我們通過(guò)觀察人們的社會(huì)行為,就可以從中透視人們的精神世界和精神生活。4、文化的傳承和發(fā)展離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)載體。社會(huì)文化和精神產(chǎn)品離不開(kāi)物質(zhì)載體,一個(gè)時(shí)代的文化和精神產(chǎn)品,往往是這一時(shí)代社會(huì)發(fā)展軌跡的反映。
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “ask about online habits”. Many middle school students have been surfing the Internet for many years, but what they do with the Internet and how much time they spend every day may not be very clear to themselves, nor to other students. This section allows students to investigate their peers' Internet use, which is conducive to their mutual understanding and understanding of the Internet. It can also help them reflect on their own online behavior, learn from other people's good online habits, and get rid of their bad online behavior.The listening text of this section is an investigation interview. The investigators interview specific groups with the same questions to obtain information, so as to understand their views, practices or attitudes on this issue. There are two specific questions: “how much time do you spend online every day? What do you usually do online?”. The answers of the three respondents provide rich and different information, and achieve the purpose of the investigators. The oral discourse structure of survey interviews generally includes greeting and explaining the purpose of the interview, presenting the interview questions and the respondents' answers. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of “choosing the right application ". Listening text is a conversation between Laura and Xiao Bo. In this part of listening, “oink”; “piggy bank” may cause the students' hearing comprehension limitation. Oink refers to sound word and pig's sound. So, add some oink to my piggy bank is often used to describe "making a little money".1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of listening for definitions.2. Cultivate students' ability to define words and understand an investigation interview.
Features of languages1.Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。該句主句為:the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK;which resulted in the full name we have today為which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句代指前面整句話的內(nèi)容,we have today為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞name。譯文:最后,在20世紀(jì),愛(ài)爾蘭南部脫離英國(guó),這導(dǎo)致了我們今天有的英國(guó)的全名:大不列顛及北愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)。2.Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history.該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。該句主句為:you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people;其中Almost everywhere you go in the UK為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句; who took over at different times throughout history為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞people。譯文:幾乎無(wú)論你走到英國(guó)的任何地方,你都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)歷史上有四種不同的人在不同的時(shí)期統(tǒng)治過(guò)英國(guó)。3.The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times.該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。該句主句為:The capital city London is a great place to start; as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times.為原因狀語(yǔ)從句;dating all the way back to Roman times為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾history。
Step 1 Lead inThere are many interest of places in the UK. What do you know ?The Big Ben the London Tower the Thames RiverStep 2 Before reading---analyze the titleBeautiful Ireland and its traditionWe know that the article mainly tells about the beauty and traditions of Ireland. Step 3 While reading---Task 1Read the text and answer the following questions.Q1: What makes the Irish countryside exciting and inspiring?Its beauty and how it offers something for all the scenes.Q2: What are the best ways to experience some Irish traditions and cultures?By stopping by a village pub and relaxing with a drink and traditional meal while listening to music and watching dancingQ3: What is the meaning of “breathe in the sweet scent of fresh flowers while birds greet the new day with their morning song ?”It means to not just smell but also breathe in the smell of fresh flowers early in the morning as the birds sing their first song of the new day.Q4: What are the best ways to experience Chinese traditions and customs ?By travelling to different places and using all your senses to experience everything and by interacting with local people.Step 4 While reading---Task 2Analyze the descriptive paragraph1. Identify and underline the paragraph’s introductory sentence and the ending sentence.Introductory sentence: Ireland’s beautiful countryside has always had a great influence on its people and traditions.Ending sentence: And if you introduce yourself to a friendly face, you are more than likely to experience local culture and customs first-hand.2. The paragraph talks about different senses in different places. Write the senses and places in the order that they appear.
Step1:自主探究。1.(教材P52)Born(bear) in the USA on 2 January 1970, Whitacre began studying music at the University of Nevada in 1988.2.(教材P52) Moved(move) by this music, he said, “It was like seeing color for the first time.”3.(教材P56)I was very afraid and I felt so alone and discouraged(discourage).4.(教材P58)Encouraged(encourage) by this first performance and the positive reaction of the audience, I have continued to play the piano and enjoy it more every day.Step2:語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)精析。用法1:過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)1).過(guò)去分詞可放在連系動(dòng)詞be, get, feel, remain, seem, look, become等之后作表語(yǔ),表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)Tom was astonished to see a snake moving across the floor.湯姆很驚訝地看到一條蛇正爬過(guò)地板。Finally the baby felt tired of playing with those toys.終于嬰兒厭倦了玩那些玩具。注意:1).過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài);而動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。The library is now closed.(狀態(tài))圖書(shū)館現(xiàn)在關(guān)閉了。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.(動(dòng)作)昨天我妹妹把杯子打碎了。2)感覺(jué)類及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示人自身的感受或事物自身的狀態(tài),常譯作“感到……的”;現(xiàn)在分詞多表示事物具有的特性,常譯作“令人……的”。
This section focuses on "learning about experiencing music Online". This virtual choir is a new form of music performance. Members from all over the world don't need to love to come to a place. Instead, they use the new technology to model the various parts and wonderful virtual harmony group of music in the family. Students need to understand the main meaning of each paragraph. Finding topic sentences is an important way to understand the general idea of a paragraph. After the topic sentence, it is usually the detail sentence that supports and explains the topic sentence. Some paragraphs have obvious subject sentences, for example, the first sentence of the second paragraph is the subject sentence of the paragraph, and the following sentenceStudents need to pay attention to the topic sentences and key sentences, and then pay attention to how the sentences after the meaning explain, explain and support the topic sentences or key sentences before.1.Guide students to learn about experiencing music online2.Guide students to scan and circle the information in the text.3.Guide students to find the numbers and dates to fill in the timeline.4.Guide students to learn more about music by completing the sentences with the correct forms of the words and phrases. And then make a mind map about the outline of the passage.1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the main meaning of each paragraph and understand the narrative characteristics of "timeline” in illustrative style.3. Lead students to understand the changes that have been caused by the Internet.
1.生產(chǎn)上的聯(lián)系:有投入——產(chǎn)出的關(guān)系工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的過(guò)程復(fù)雜,工序繁多,往往需要經(jīng)過(guò)多家工廠的加工才能完成一種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程。因此,在這些工廠之間就存在著產(chǎn)品與原料的聯(lián)系。一家工廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品是另一家工廠的原料,這兩家工廠之間就形成了工序上的工業(yè)聯(lián)系。2.非生產(chǎn)上的聯(lián)系:如地理空間上的聯(lián)系布局在同一個(gè)工業(yè)區(qū)內(nèi),共同利用工業(yè)區(qū)的道路、供水、供電、通信等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及其他生產(chǎn)、生活服務(wù)設(shè)施,或者共同利用當(dāng)?shù)亓畠r(jià)的勞動(dòng)力,形成了空間利用上的工業(yè)聯(lián)系。我國(guó)許多地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)就是建立在這種工業(yè)聯(lián)系基礎(chǔ)上的。(二)工業(yè)集聚1.形成具有工業(yè)聯(lián)系的一些工廠往往近距離地聚集起來(lái),形成工業(yè)集聚現(xiàn)象。2.工業(yè)集聚可獲得效應(yīng)(1)工業(yè)集聚可以加強(qiáng)企業(yè)間的信息交流和技術(shù)協(xié)作,降低中間產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用和能源消耗,進(jìn)而降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高生產(chǎn)效率和利潤(rùn),取得規(guī)模效益。
l.知識(shí)與技能:(1)知道摩擦力產(chǎn)生的條件。(2)能在簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題中,根據(jù)物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),判斷靜摩擦力的有無(wú)、大小和方向;知道存在著最大靜摩擦力。(3)掌握動(dòng)磨擦因數(shù),會(huì)在具體問(wèn)題中計(jì)算滑動(dòng)磨擦力,掌握判定摩擦力方向的方法。(4)知道影響到摩擦因數(shù)的因素。2.過(guò)程與方法:通過(guò)觀察演示實(shí)驗(yàn),概括出摩擦力產(chǎn)生的條件及摩擦力的特點(diǎn),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察、概括能力。通過(guò)靜摩擦力與滑動(dòng)摩擦力的區(qū)別對(duì)比,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析綜合能力。3.情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀:在分析物體所受摩擦力時(shí),突出主要矛盾,忽略次要因素及無(wú)關(guān)因素,總結(jié)出摩擦力產(chǎn)生的條件和規(guī)律。二、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)分析1.本節(jié)課的內(nèi)容分滑動(dòng)摩擦力和靜摩擦力兩部分。重點(diǎn)是摩擦力產(chǎn)生的條件、特性和規(guī)律,通過(guò)演示實(shí)驗(yàn)得出關(guān)系f=μN(yùn)。2.難點(diǎn)是學(xué)生有初中的知識(shí),往往誤認(rèn)為壓力N的大小總是跟滑動(dòng)物體所受的重力相等,因此必須指出只有當(dāng)兩物體的接觸面垂直,物體在水平拉力作用下,沿水平面滑動(dòng)時(shí),壓力N的大小才跟物體所受的重力相等。
交談時(shí)雙方的空間距離也有一定講究。和朋友談話、和陌生人談話、和異性談話、招呼長(zhǎng)者和上級(jí),都需要有一個(gè)合適的距離。如果上級(jí)故意“縮減”與下級(jí)人員通常談話時(shí)的距離,那是表示對(duì)下級(jí)的關(guān)切。說(shuō)話的時(shí)候需要一面想,一面說(shuō),為了控制說(shuō)話的主動(dòng)權(quán),免得被別人插人、打斷,人們可以使用“唔”“啊”之類的音節(jié),表示“話還沒(méi)有說(shuō)完,你別著急”之類的意思??瞻滓脖硎疽馑迹谡f(shuō)唱藝術(shù)中,什么時(shí)候停頓,停多久,都有講究,以便使交際更有成效。這就是說(shuō),空間和時(shí)間的因素也在交際中得到了適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用。所以,各種伴隨動(dòng)作也是交際的工具。它們一般都是在語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的。即使像“察顏觀色”這一類特定的交際方式,也必須有語(yǔ)言的交際為基礎(chǔ),預(yù)先有了一定的了解,對(duì)方才能領(lǐng)會(huì)??傊谏鲜龅姆N種交際工具當(dāng)中,身勢(shì)等伴隨動(dòng)作是非語(yǔ)言的交際工具;旗語(yǔ)之類是建立在語(yǔ)言、文字基礎(chǔ)之上的輔助性交際工具;文字是建立在語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)之上的一種最重要的輔助交際工具;
[補(bǔ)充]:鄭州是特大城市,我們對(duì)燈火通明的夜晚都有深刻的體會(huì),我們都體會(huì)過(guò)光給他們帶來(lái)的好處,而對(duì)過(guò)多過(guò)亮的光帶來(lái)的危害則很少認(rèn)真地思考過(guò),且光污染給都市人們和其他生物和環(huán)境帶來(lái)的不利影響也越來(lái)越大,所以,我在這兒給同學(xué)們補(bǔ)充光污染,目的是提醒他們要增強(qiáng)環(huán)保意識(shí),要理解城市在建設(shè)過(guò)程中要減少城市各類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的污染;另外,隨著城市的不斷發(fā)展,還可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生新 的污染物。還培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生用發(fā)展的眼光來(lái)看世界。[思考]:如何降低城市化對(duì)地理環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的影響?[答]:發(fā)展生態(tài)城市,使人工環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境和諧統(tǒng)一起來(lái)。一方面在城市建設(shè)中,要發(fā)展低污染的節(jié)能建筑和綠色交通,減少城市各類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的污染;另一方面使城市景觀盡可能地與山、河、湖、海、植被等自然景觀保持協(xié)調(diào),建立一種良性循環(huán)。
1.這節(jié)課以實(shí)驗(yàn)為依據(jù),采用控制變量的方法進(jìn)行研究。這一方法今后在電學(xué)、熱學(xué)的研究中還要用到。我們根據(jù)已掌握的知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)、探索規(guī)律是物體研究的重要方法。2.定義力的單位“牛頓”使得k=1,得到牛頓第二定律的簡(jiǎn)單形式F=ma。使用簡(jiǎn)捷的數(shù)學(xué)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)物理規(guī)律是物理學(xué)的特征之一,但應(yīng)知道它所對(duì)應(yīng)的文字內(nèi)容和意義。3.牛頓第二定律概括了運(yùn)動(dòng)和力的關(guān)系。物體所受合外力恒定,其加速度恒定;合外力為零,加速度為零。即合外力決定了加速度,而加速度影響著物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。因此,牛頓第二定律是把前兩章力和物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體,其中的紐帶就是加速度。四、評(píng)價(jià)方案及說(shuō)明1、對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)與技能的評(píng)價(jià)要注重科學(xué)內(nèi)容的理解與應(yīng)用,而不是單純記憶。技能的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)包括觀察技能、實(shí)驗(yàn)技能等方面。對(duì)科學(xué)的技能的評(píng)價(jià)要盡量融合在科學(xué)探究過(guò)程的情景中。對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)的評(píng)價(jià)主要從兩方面,一是根據(jù)學(xué)生診斷性練習(xí);二是通過(guò)學(xué)生作業(yè)反映學(xué)生掌握情況。
1、知識(shí)與技能 (1)認(rèn)識(shí)勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的概念,理解線速度的概念,知道它就是物體做勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的瞬時(shí)速度;理解角速度和周期的概念,會(huì)用它們的公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算; (2)理解線速度、角速度、周期之間的關(guān)系:v=rω=2πr/T; (3)理解勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)是變速運(yùn)動(dòng)?! ?、過(guò)程與方法 (1)運(yùn)用極限法理解線速度的瞬時(shí)性.掌握運(yùn)用圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)如何去分析有關(guān)問(wèn)題; (2)體會(huì)有了線速度后.為什么還要引入角速度.運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)推導(dǎo)角速度的單位。